Inhibition of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection by Skin Bacterial Communities in Wild Amphibian Populations

Nava-González, Bisbrian; Suazo‐Ortuño, Ireri; López, Perla Bibian; Maldonado-López, Yurixhi; López-Toledo, Leonel; Raggi, Luciana; Parra‐Olea, Gabriela; Alvarado-Dí­az, Javier; Gómez‐Gil, Bruno

doi:10.1007/s00248-021-01706-x

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Therefore, it is possible that mucosome samples taken through water baths in our samples are missing much of the bacterial metabolites produced. Recent studies show that a greater richness and abundance of protective bacteria can better suppress Bd than a more limited diversity, and that high interactions of these type of bacteria may lead to resistance to chytrid infections ( 13 , 33 , 34 ). It is also possible that the difference of mucosome function between salamanders could be attributed differences in the speed of action of AMPs to kill Bd/Bsal zoospores in the assays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, amphibians differ widely in their susceptibility to these pathogens ( 5 , 12 ). Skin microbiomes, skin peptide repertoires, and their collective mucosome properties are suggested as the primary barriers protecting amphibians from these pathogenic chytrids ( 5 , 7 , 13 – 16 ). Similar processes may also affect disease ecology in other wildlife systems, including white-nose syndrome in bats ( 17 ) and snake fungal disease ( 18 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We expected that as mucosome function increased Bd infection prevalence and intensity would decrease ( 7 , 16 ). We expected that as putative Bd-inhibitory bacteria increased in richness and abundance Bd infection prevalence and intensity would decrease ( 13 , 33 ). Finally, we hypothesized that putative Bd-inhibitory bacteria are important in microbiome network structure (i.e., the most interactive ASVs, “hub taxa”) ( 34 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inhibitory Bacterial Diversity and Mucosome Function Differentiate Susceptibility of Appalachian Salamanders to Chytrid Fungal Infection

Jiménez

Carfagno

Linhoff

et al. 2022

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inhibitory Bacterial Diversity and Mucosome Function Differentiate Susceptibility of Appalachian Salamanders to Chytrid Fungal Infection

Jiménez

Carfagno

Linhoff

et al. 2022

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Previous field surveys have observed that individuals with high infection loads have less diverse microbiota (Longo et al, 2015; Nava‐González et al, 2021; Rebollar et al, 2016), and it was suggested that high diversity microbiota could potentially protect against severe Bd infections. However, subsequent studies showed that Bd infection itself could reduce skin microbiota diversity (Ellison et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting fungal infection rate and severity with skin‐associated microbial communities on amphibians

et al. 2022

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Pathogen success (risk and severity) is influenced by host‐associated microbiota, but the degree to which variation in microbial community traits predict future infection presence/absence (risk) and load (severity) for the host is unknown. We conducted a time‐series experiment by sampling the skin‐associated bacterial communities of five amphibian species before and after exposure to the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobaditis (Bd). We sought to determine whether microbial community traits are predictors of, or are affected by, Bd infection risk and intensity. Our results show that richness of putative Bd‐inhibitory bacteria strongly predicts infection risk, while the proportion of putative Bd‐inhibitory bacteria predicts future infection intensity. Variation in microbial community composition is high across time and individual, and bacterial prevalence is low. Our findings demonstrate how ecological community traits of host‐associated microbiota may be used to predict infection risk by pathogenic microbes.

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“…Important drivers of infection intensity include variation in immune response ( Nava-González et al, 2021 ), individual health status and susceptibility ( Beldomenico & Begon, 2010 ; Brunner et al, 2017 ), behavioural patterns ( Burrowes et al, 2017 ) and the environment in which infection occurs ( McMillan et al, 2020 ; Carter et al, 2021 ). Another reason for variation in infection intensity is heterogeneity in how pathogen exposure occurs and for how long it lasts ( Kumar et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and duration of exposure drive infection intensity with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Bielby

Sausor

Monsalve-Carcaño

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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The intensity of a pathogen infection plays a key role in determining how the host responds to infection. Hosts with high infections are more likely to transmit infection to others, and are may be more likely to experience progression from infection to disease symptoms, to being physiologically compromised by disease. Understanding how and why hosts exhibit variation in infection intensity therefore plays a major part in developing and implementing measures aimed at controlling infection spread, its effects, and its chance of persisting and circulating within a population of hosts. To track the relative importance of a number of variables in determining the level of infection intensity, we ran field-surveys at two breeding sites over a 12 month period using marked larvae of the common midwife toad (Alyes obstetricans) and their levels of infection with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). At each sampling occasion we measured the density of larvae, the temperature of the water in the 48 h prior to sampling, the period of time the sampled individual had been in the water body, the developmental (Gosner) stage and the intensity of Bd infection of the individual. Overall our data suggest that the temperature and the duration of time spent in the water play a major role in determining the intensity of Bd infection within an individual host. However, although the duration of time spent in the water was clearly associated with infection intensity, the relationship was negative: larvae that had spent less than 3–6 months in the water had significantly higher infection intensities than those that had spent over 12 months, although this infection intensity peaked between 9 and 12 months. This could be due to animals with heavier infections developing more quickly, suffering increased mortality or, more likely, losing their mouthparts (the only part of anuran larvae that can be infected with Bd). Overall, our results identify drivers of infection intensity, and potentially transmissibility and spread, and we attribute these differences to both host and pathogen biology.

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Inhibition of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection by Skin Bacterial Communities in Wild Amphibian Populations

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Inhibitory Bacterial Diversity and Mucosome Function Differentiate Susceptibility of Appalachian Salamanders to Chytrid Fungal Infection

Inhibitory Bacterial Diversity and Mucosome Function Differentiate Susceptibility of Appalachian Salamanders to Chytrid Fungal Infection

Predicting fungal infection rate and severity with skin‐associated microbial communities on amphibians

Temperature and duration of exposure drive infection intensity with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

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