Inhibition by Reinforcement: Effects of Reinforcer Magnitude and Timeout on Fixed-Ratio Pausing

Perone, Michael; Perone, Cheryl Lynn; Baron, Alan

doi:10.1007/bf03394985

Cited by 11 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It has been obtained with different species (rats and monkeys in addition to pigeons), different reinforcers (condensed milk, food pellets, and cocaine in addition to grain), and different methods of differentiating the rich and lean schedules (low‐and high‐effort response force requirements in addition to high and low reinforcer magnitudes; Baron, Mikorski, & Schlund, 1992; Galuska, Wade‐Galuska, Woods, & Winger, 2007; Wade‐Galuska, Perone, & Wirth, 2005). Together, these studies provide strong evidence for Perone et al's (1987) hypothesis that pausing is jointly controlled by two factors that exert their effects at the interface defined by the end of one schedule component and the start of the next. Translated to simple FR schedules, pausing is under joint control of the just‐obtained reinforcer and the discriminable work or delay requirement for the next reinforcer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Relative frequency distributions . Arithmetic means can provide an incomplete picture of pausing on FR schedules, as the distribution of pause durations is often skewed (for a discussion, see Perone et al, 1987). Variables that increase mean pause duration, such as response requirement, do so by increasing the duration and frequency of long pauses, but modal pause duration may not be affected (e.g., Powell, 1968).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perone, Perone, and Baron (1987) suggested that the contradictory results arose from unappreciated procedural differences that affected the degree to which excitatory and inhibitory factors could contribute to experimental outcomes. The critical variable, they argued, is whether the procedure allowed stimulus control of the behaviors leading to the different reinforcer magnitudes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

Williams

Saunders

Perone

2011

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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We conducted three experiments to reproduce and extend Perone and Courtney's (1992) study of pausing at the beginning of fixed-ratio schedules. In a multiple schedule with unequal amounts of food across two components, they found that pigeons paused longest in the component associated with the smaller amount of food (the lean component), but only when it was preceded by the rich component. In our studies, adults with mild intellectual disabilities responded on a touch-sensitive computer monitor to produce money. In Experiment 1, the multiple-schedule components differed in both response requirement and reinforcer magnitude (i.e., the rich component required fewer responses and produced more money than the lean component). Effects shown with pigeons were reproduced in all 7 participants. In Experiment 2, we removed the stimuli that signaled the two schedule components, and participants' extended pausing was eliminated. In Experiment 3, to assess sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude versus fixed-ratio size, we presented conditions with equal ratio sizes but disparate magnitudes and conditions with equal magnitudes but disparate ratio sizes. Sensitivity to these manipulations was idiosyncratic. The present experiments obtained schedule control in verbally competent human participants and, despite procedural differences, we reproduced findings with animal participants. We showed that pausing is jointly determined by past conditions of reinforcement and stimuli correlated with upcoming conditions.

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confidence: 66%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

Williams

Saunders

Perone

2011

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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“…Other studies have found no effects of magnitude of reinforcement on PRP. Perone, Perone, and Baron (), for example, found no effect of a range of concentrations of milk on the PRPs of rats under steady‐state single FR schedules.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of reinforcer magnitude in the preceding and upcoming ratios on between‐ratio pausing in multiple, mixed, and single fixed‐ratio schedules

Young

Foster

Bizo

2017

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Hens responded under multiple fixed-ratio schedules with equal response requirements and either a 1-s or a 6-s reinforcer. Upcoming reinforcer size was indicated by key color. Components were presented in a quasirandom series so that all four component transitions occurred. Postreinforcement pauses were affected by the upcoming and preceding reinforcer size, with longer pauses after large reinforcers followed by small reinforcers than when followed by large ones, and longer pauses after small reinforcers that were followed by small reinforcers rather than large ones. Pauses increased with fixed-ratio size and the effects of reinforcer size were larger the larger the ratio. When reinforcer size was not signaled-mixed fixed-ratio schedules-pauses were shorter after small than after large reinforcers. Signalling the upcoming reinforcer attenuated the effect of the previous reinforcer size on pause duration when small was followed by small and when either small or large by large, but enhanced the effect when large was followed by small. There was no effect of reinforcer size on pause duration when single fixed-ratio schedules were arranged. The effects of reinforcer size on pauses depends on the size and range of the fixed ratios as well as the exact procedures used in the study.

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“…Retzlaff, Parthum, Pitts, and Hughes ask whether pausing after reinforcement on a fixed‐ratio schedule is a form of escape behavior. Their experiments with pigeons take advantage of a procedure that generates extended pausing by juxtaposing rich and lean schedules (ratios ending in small or large reinforcers)—a procedure that was proposed on the basis of research with rats in Alan Baron's lab (Perone, Perone, & Baron, ) and later extended to humans (Williams, Saunders, & Perone, ). The research relates the arcane study of reinforcement schedules to maladaptive escape behavior that can be a problem in many clinical populations.…”

Section: The Special Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Alan Baron: A pioneer in translational science

Perone

Williams

Galizio

2017

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Inhibition by Reinforcement: Effects of Reinforcer Magnitude and Timeout on Fixed-Ratio Pausing

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

The effects of reinforcer magnitude in the preceding and upcoming ratios on between‐ratio pausing in multiple, mixed, and single fixed‐ratio schedules

Alan Baron: A pioneer in translational science

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