Inhibited polar auxin transport results in aberrant embryo development in Norway spruce

Larsson, Emma; Sitbon, Folke; Ljung, Karin; Arnold, Sara von

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02289.x

Cited by 66 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A recent study by us, 2 along with a study by Larsson et al 24 have shown that growth of somatic embryos on medium containing NPA leads to the formation of embryos with poor meristem formation and fused cotyledons, and to a pin-formed phenotype of the regenerated plantlets similar to what is commonly seen on angiosperm embryos. 15,25,26 Consequently, PAT seems to, like in angiosperms, play a crucial role in apical-basal axis formation in Picea abies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

WOX2and polar auxin transport during spruce embryo pattern formation

Palovaara

Hakman

2009

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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division, suggesting that the two daughter cells assume different transcriptional profiles. Also, STIMPY/WOX9 is required to maintain cell division in the embryo and the suspensor, and the WOX genes thus appear to be intrinsic determinates in early asymmetric divisions during embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. 7,8 Similar transcriptional profiles can also be seen in the monocot Zea mays indicating that the WOX gene family is ancient in the angiosperm lineage. 9 Previously, we isolated and analyzed a WOX2 homologous gene from Picea abies (Norway spruce) that we named PaWOX2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

WOX2and polar auxin transport during spruce embryo pattern formation

Palovaara

Hakman

2009

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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“…The expression of the auxin efflux transporter PIN1 had been observed in differentiating procambium, running from the tips of cotyledons down throughout the somatic embryo axis and to the root apical meristem of Picea abies [38]. The centrality of polar auxin transport for the correct patterning of both apical and basal parts of spruce embryos throughout the whole developmental process has been demonstrated by Larsson et al [39] using naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) treatments. The establishment of an auxin transport system is a prerequisite for patterning events in the apical region of embryos at the beginning of the transition from the globular to the heart stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The role of auxins in somatic embryogenesis of Abies alba

et al. 2011

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The somatic embryogenesis of conifers is a process susceptible to exogenous phytohormonal treatments. We report the effects of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the auxin inhibitor p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) on the endogenous level of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and on the anatomical composition of early somatic embryos of Abies alba (European silver fir). The embryogenic suspensor mass (ESM) of Abies alba proliferated on a medium supplemented by 2,4-D as well as on an auxin-free medium. The endogenous level of IAA was significantly higher in the ESM cultivated on a medium supplemented by 2,4-D. The decrease in the endogenous level of IAA in the first week of maturation is one of the most important stimuli responsible for the subsequent development of embryos. However, suppression of IAA synthesis by an auxin inhibitor did not stimulate the development of embryos. The maturation of somatic embryos from the globular to the cotyledonary stage occurs when the concentration of endogenous auxin in the ESM (including the embryos) increases. Early somatic embryos proliferating on a medium supplemented by auxin had an increased probability of maturing successfully. Exogenous auxin treatment during maturation did not compensate for the auxin deficiency during proliferation.

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“…Molecular data suggest that angiosperms and gymnosperms shared a final common ancestor about 300 million years ago (Smith et al 2010) and later evolved different embryo development pathways. Despite the different patterning during embryo development, significant homologies between conifers and angiosperms have been shown, for example, in apical-basal embryo patterning driven by polar auxin transport (Larsson et al 2008a(Larsson et al , b, 2012a and in radial patterning (Zhu et al 2016). In addition, out of 295…”

Section: Communicated By P Ingvarssonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The developmental stages of Scots pine and Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis have been described before in Abrahamsson et al (2012) and Larsson et al (2008a), respectively, and are schematically compared in Table S4. Embryogenic cultures of both species proliferate as different types of cell aggregates composed of small rounded cells with dense cytoplasm in combination with elongated cells harboring large vacuoles.…”

Section: Zygotic and Somatic Embryo Development In Scots Pine And Normentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of molecular processes that differ among Scots pine somatic embryogenic cell lines leading to the development of normal or abnormal cotyledonary embryos

Merino

Abrahamsson

Larsson

et al. 2018

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Several coniferous species can today be propagated through somatic embryogenesis, but for species belonging to the Pinus genus, there are still problems related to the small number of genotypes from which embryogenic cultures can be established and the low yield of high-quality cotyledonary embryos. In order to pinpoint molecular processes that might be disturbed during somatic embryogenesis in Scots pine, we have analyzed the expression pattern of selected transcripts during development of somatic embryos in a normal and an abnormal cell line of Scots pine. The selected transcripts have been previously shown to be differentially expressed during early zygotic embryogenesis in Scots pine (Merino et al. 2016). Based on the transcripts that accumulated differentially between the two cell lines, we conclude that the apical-basal polarization in early somatic embryos and the transition from the morphogenic phase to the maturation phase are disturbed in the abnormal cell line. A comparison between transcript accumulation during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis highlighted problems with the continuous embryo degeneration processes in embryogenic cultures of Scots pine. Transcripts that were highly abundant during the cleavage process in zygotic embryos showed different accumulation patterns during somatic embryogenesis in Scots pine compared to those in Norway spruce. Furthermore, altering the expression of these transcripts in embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce resulted in a changed proliferation pattern of the embryos so that they became more similar to proliferating somatic embryos of Scots pine. Taken together, our results provide a deeper understanding of the deviations in abnormal cell lines and indicate that embryogenic cultures of Scots pine are proliferating by a cleavage-like process.

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Inhibited polar auxin transport results in aberrant embryo development in Norway spruce

Cited by 66 publications

References 32 publications

WOX2and polar auxin transport during spruce embryo pattern formation

WOX2and polar auxin transport during spruce embryo pattern formation

The role of auxins in somatic embryogenesis of Abies alba

Identification of molecular processes that differ among Scots pine somatic embryogenic cell lines leading to the development of normal or abnormal cotyledonary embryos

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