Inherited and acquired disorders of magnesium homeostasis

Abstract

Purpose of review Magnesium (Mg2+) imbalances are frequently overlooked. Hypermagnesemia usually occurs in preeclamptic women after Mg2+ therapy or in end-stage renal disease patients, while hypomagnesemia is more common with a prevalence of up to 15% in the general population. Increasing evidence points towards a role for mild to moderate, chronic hypomagnesemia in the pathogenesis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Recent findings The kidneys are the major regulator of total body Mg2+ homeostasis. Over the last decade the identification of the responsible genes in rare genetic disorders has enhanced our understanding of how the kidney handles Mg2+. The different genetic disorders and medications contributing to abnormal Mg2+ homeostasis are reviewed. Summary As dysfunctional Mg2+ homeostasis contributes to the development of many common human disorders, serum Mg2+ deserves closer monitoring. Hypomagnesemic patients may be asymptomatic or may have mild symptoms. In severe hypomagnesemia patients may present with neurological symptoms such as seizures, spasms or cramps. Renal symptoms include nephrocalcinosis and impaired renal function. Most conditions affect tubular Mg2+ reabsorption by disturbing the lumen-positive potential in the thick ascending limb or the negative membrane potential in the distal convoluted tubule.

Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement

“…Mg homeostasis is strictly regulated by urinary excretion and urinary retention [7]. Thus, subjects with low initial serum Mg levels, suggesting a severe tissue Mg deficiency, have remarkably elevated urinary Mg retention [20].…”

“…Moreover, children with diabetes mellitus have significantly lower Mg levels than in healthy controls [6]. Mg homeostasis depends on Mg intake but is mostly determined by the renal excretion of Mg [7]. Current recommendations for Mg for adults vary from 400–420 mg/d for men and 310–320 mg/d for women in the US (recommended daily allowance, RDA) to 350 mg/d for men and 300 mg/d for women in the EU (adequate intake, AI), and 300 mg/d for men and 270 mg/d for women in the UK (reference nutrient intake, RNI) [8–11].…”

Dietary Magnesium Supplements – Is there any Problem?

“…Hypomagnesemia is not a rare alteration, maybe 15% in the general population [23]. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services identified magnesium -among other micronutrients -as underconsumed nutrient [24].…”

APTRA‐Based Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes Displaying Enhanced Selectivity for Mg2+

“…[9] It plays af undamentalr ole in an umber of biological process in cells, acting as ac o-factor in over 600 known enzymatic reactions [10] andc ontrolling the conformation of adenosine triphosphate( ATP), nucleic acids and proteins. [9] It plays af undamentalr ole in an umber of biological process in cells, acting as ac o-factor in over 600 known enzymatic reactions [10] andc ontrolling the conformation of adenosine triphosphate( ATP), nucleic acids and proteins.…”

“…Magnesium is the second most abundant cation in cells, with "free" Mg 2 + concentrationsf alling in the range 0.8-1.5 mm. [9] It plays af undamentalr ole in an umber of biological process in cells, acting as ac o-factor in over 600 known enzymatic reactions [10] andc ontrolling the conformation of adenosine triphosphate( ATP), nucleic acids and proteins. [11] The oaminophenol-N,N,N-triacetic acid (APTRA)u nit is the most widely used binding chelate for magnesium in the literature and has been incorporated into ar ange of luminescent systems.…”