Inheritance in the Conditional Strategy Revisited

Hazel, Wade N.; Smock, Richard

doi:10.1006/jtbi.2000.2013

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Any context-dependent decision or developmental switch can be understood as a threshold response to an environmental cue; thus, threshold responses extend from cell divisions to social behavior. Despite the ubiquity of threshold responses, evolutionary models that seek to explain them are often poorly understood [10,11], narrowly applied [4], controversial [4,12], and poorly tested [13]. Under the environmental threshold model, such ''conditional strategies'' have been hypothesized to be environmentally cued threshold traits.…”

Section: Rhizoglyphus Echinopusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Complexity Drives Experimental Evolution of a Conditionally Expressed Secondary Sexual Trait

et al. 2011

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The conditional expression of alternative phenotypes underlies the production of almost all life history decisions and many dichotomous traits, including male alternative reproductive morphs and behavioral tactics. Changes in tactic fitness should lead to evolutionary shifts in developmental switch points that underlie tactic expression. We used experimental evolution to directly test this hypothesis by rearing ten generations of the male-dimorphic mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus in either simple or three-dimensionally complex habitats that differed in their effects on morph fitness. In R. echinopus, fighter males develop weapons used for killing rivals, whereas scrambler males do not. Populations evolving in complex 3D habitats, where fighters had reduced fitness, produced fewer fighters because the switch point for fighter development evolved to a larger critical body size. Both the reduced mobility of fighter males and the altered spatial distribution of potential mates and rivals in the complex habitat were implicated in the evolutionary divergence of switch point between the habitats. Our results demonstrate how abiotic factors like habitat complexity can have a profound effect on evolution through sexual selection.

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Section: Rhizoglyphus Echinopusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Complexity Drives Experimental Evolution of a Conditionally Expressed Secondary Sexual Trait

et al. 2011

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“…Rather than being overlooked however, these aspects of inheritance of the conditional strategy are outlined by Hazel et al. (1990) and Gross & Repka (1998; see also, Hazel & Smock, 2000), and are key components of the status‐dependent model. In fact what ‘monomorphism’ means in the context outlined in the model, is that individuals have a genetic decision rule that enables them to express either male morph, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hazel et al. , 1990; Gross & Repka, 1998; Hazel & Smock, 2000). Hence, we test for the presence of an underlying liability in morph determination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Threshold traits have long been modelled as being inherited through an underlying 'heritability of liability' (Falconer & Mackay, 1996;Roff, 1996Roff, , 1997Lynch & Walsh, 1998) and contrary to Shuster & Wade (2003) we consider the liability model to have been implicit in the conditional strategy (e.g. Hazel et al, 1990;Gross & Repka, 1998;Hazel & Smock, 2000). Hence, we test for the presence of an underlying liability in morph determination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Testing the status-dependent ESS model: population variation in fighter expression in the mite Sancassania berlesei

Tomkins

LeBas

Unrug

et al. 2004

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

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The conditional evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) with status‐dependent tactics is the most commonly invoked ESS for alternative reproductive tactics within the sexes. Support for this model has recently been criticized as apparent rather than real. We address key predictions of the status‐dependent ESS in three populations of the male dimorphic mite Sancassania berlesei. In S. berlesei‘fighter’ males are characterized by a thickened pair of legs used for killing rivals; ‘scramblers’ are benign. Most males in each population could be manipulated to become fighters by decreasing density, fulfilling the prediction that males make a ‘decision’. There was evidence of genetic covariance between sire status and offspring morph, but also a strong effect of sire morph on offspring morph ratio. This was consistent with considerable genetic variation for the status‐dependent switch point as a breeding experiment found no support for single‐locus inheritance. We also found evidence that switch points evolve independently of distributions of status. This study supports the current status‐dependent ESS model.

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The Ecological Genetics of Conditional Strategies

Hazel¹,

Smock²,

Lively³

2004

The American Naturalist

Self Cite

107

149

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We develop a quantitative genetic model for conditional strategies that incorporates the ecological realism of previous strategic models. Similar to strategic models, the results show that environmental heterogeneity, cue reliability, and environment-dependent fitness trade-offs for the alternative tactics of the conditional strategy interact to determine when conditional strategies will be favored and that conditional strategies should be a common form of adaptive variation in nature. The results also show that conditional and unconditional development can be maintained in one of two ways: by frequency-dependent selection or by the maintenance of genetic variation that exceeds the threshold for induction. We then modified the model to take into account variance in exposures to the environmental cue as well as variance in response to the cue, which allows a derivation of a dose-response curve. Here the results showed that increasing the genetic variance for response both flattens and shifts the dose-response curve. Finally, we modify the model to derive the dose-response curve for a population polymorphic for a gene that blocks expression of the conditional strategy. We illustrate the utility of the model by application to predator-induced defense in an intertidal barnacle and compare the results with phenotypic models of selection.

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Inheritance in the Conditional Strategy Revisited

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Habitat Complexity Drives Experimental Evolution of a Conditionally Expressed Secondary Sexual Trait

Habitat Complexity Drives Experimental Evolution of a Conditionally Expressed Secondary Sexual Trait

Testing the status-dependent ESS model: population variation in fighter expression in the mite Sancassania berlesei

The Ecological Genetics of Conditional Strategies

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