Inheritance and detoxification enzyme levels in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) strain selected with chlorpyrifos

Abstract

Changes in insecticide susceptibilities and detoxifying enzyme activities were measured in a strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch following repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. Twelve consecutive selection at the LC 60 of the parental strain increased resistance from 8.58 to 91.45 fold. The interaction of some synergists [piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate and S-benzyl-O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate (IBP)] with chlorpyrifos was analyzed in the selected strain. Solely IBP showed a low synergistic effect with chlorpyrifos. The selected strain also demonstrated resistance against abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate. The mode of resistance inheritance to chlorpyrifos was found to be incompletely dominant, and not sex-linked. Non-specific esterase enzyme activity was raised from 19.35 to 33.59 mOD/min/mg proteins during the selection period and it was observed that esterase band intensities visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis increased. This study has investigated the selection of resistance to chlorpyrifos and documented resistance to abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate in Turkish T. urticae. Esterase enzymes may be playing a role in chlorpyrifos resistance while glutathione S-transferase (GST) and P450 enzymes do not appear to have any significant involvement.

Sublethal effects of Beauveria bassiana on life table parameters of two–spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

“…Synthetic chemical acaricides are generally utilised against this mite, as they are easy-to-apply, effective and economical (Ay and Yorulmaz 2010). Long-term overuse of chemical pesticides for pest control may have resulted in spider mite resurgence and subsequent high-level resistance to common acaricides and leading to growing concern about environmental and health risks associated with their use (Gerson and Cohen 1989;Ambikadevi and Samarjit 1997;Stumpf, Zebitz, Kraus, Moores, and Nauen 2001;Maniania, Bugeme, Wekesa, Delalibera, and Knapp 2008).…”

Toxicity, inheritance and biochemistry of clofentezine resistance in Tetranychus urticae

“…The acaricide used was a commercial formulation of clofentezine (Apollo SC 500 g/L). The methods used were as described by Ay and Yorulmaz (2010), using the Potter spray‐Petri dishes method. Briefly, 1 mL clofentezine suspension was sprayed on internal surfaces of lids and bases of plastic Petri dishes (60 mm diameter) by a Potter spray tower (Burkard Auto‐Load, Rickmansworth, Herts, UK) at 1 bar pressure.…”

“…The effects of clofentezine ± synergist were tested using the methods of Ay and Yorulmaz (2010). Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S‐benzyl‐O,O‐diisopropyl phosphorothioate (IBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were used to as synergists.…”

“…The methods used were as described by Ay and Yorulmaz (2010) by using model substrates 1‐naphthyl acetate for esterase, 1‐Chloro2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) for GST and p ‐nitroanisole for cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.…”

Resistencia a emamectina benzoato en Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

“…La selección debido a la exposición continua a bajas concentraciones de un insecticida, en lugar de seleccionar con concentraciones con elevadas mortalidades, podría conducir al desarrollo de individuos resistentes a insecticidas en aquellas poblaciones que estén expuestas al tóxico (Palumbo et al, 2001;Xia et al, 2002;Ahmad et al, 2010;Ay y Yorulmaz, 2010;Shad et al, 2012).…”