Inhaled whole exhaust and its effect on exercise performance and vascular function

Cutrufello, Paul T.; Rundell, Kenneth W.; Smoliga, James M.; Stylianides, Georgios A.

doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.604106

Cited by 58 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…However, we found that 20 km time trial performance was not significantly impaired following exposure to DE. This contrasts with and Cutrufello et al (Cutrufello et al, 2011), who found that exercise performance was significantly impaired with high PM 1 exposure. During the experiment by participants were exposed to 2 low PM 1 days separated by 3 days, then a 7-day washout period followed by 2 high PM 1 days separated by 3 days.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…The only two studies assessing the effects of PM exposure on exercise performance also suggest that in healthy adults exposure to high levels of PM 1 was associated with decreased performance during a 6-min cycling ergometer trial Cutrufello et al, 2011). Additionally, there is a correlation between PM 10 levels and reduced marathon performance in women (Marr and Ely, 2010).…”

Section: Inhalation Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 95%

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The effect of pre-exercise diesel exhaust exposure on cycling performance and cardio-respiratory variables

Giles

Carlsten

Koehle³

2012

Inhalation Toxicology

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Inhalation Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 95%

The effect of pre-exercise diesel exhaust exposure on cycling performance and cardio-respiratory variables

Giles

Carlsten

Koehle³

2012

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…It was proposed that this may affect the influence of NO on vascular tone and that the decreased tissue perfusion of the microvasculature from particle inhalation may compromise muscle function. Cutrufello et al 10 noted an increase in pulmonary artery pressure as well as disrupted flow-mediated dilatation after 20-min of exercise in freshly generated four-cycle exhaust (PM 0.1 >300 000 particles • cm −3 , CO<5 ppm).…”

Section: Categories Of Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence supports unfavourable effects from short-term and long-term inhalation of air pollution to the respiratory and the cardiovascular systems 1–10. Combustion-related pollutants such as nitrogen and sulphur oxides, the ammonium ion, organic aerosols, particulate matter (PM) and ozone are of concern.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inhaled PM can be causal to oxidative stress-related airway and vascular injury. Although there is ample evidence of short-term and long-term exposure affecting the respiratory and the cardiovascular systems, little data are available demonstrating the effects of air pollution inhalation on athlete performance 10–12. During athlete training and competition, lung deposition of emission-related pollutants is high because of the increased ventilation during exercise,13 14 and inhalation of emission pollutants has been shown to cause the release of inflammatory mediators from airway cells 15 16.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of air pollution on athlete health and performance

Rundell¹

2012

Br J Sports Med

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Unfavourable effects on the respiratory and the cardiovascular systems from short-term and long-term inhalation of air pollution are well documented. Exposure to freshly generated mixed combustion emissions such as those observed in proximity to roadways with high volumes of traffic and those from ice-resurfacing equipment are of particular concern. This is because there is a greater toxicity from freshly generated whole exhaust than from its component parts. The particles released from emissions are considered to cause oxidative damage and inflammation in the airways and the vascular system, and may be related to decreased exercise performance. However, few studies have examined this aspect. Several papers describe deleterious effects on health from chronic and acute air pollution exposure. However, there has been no research into the effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on athletic performance and a paucity of studies that describe the effects of acute exposure on exercise performance. The current knowledge of exercising in the high-pollution environment and the consequences that it may have on athlete performance are reviewed.

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Small Things Make a Big Difference

Cutrufello

Smoliga

Rundell³

2012

Sports Med

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The increased risk of morbidity and mortality among adults and children with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory illness from emission-derived particulate matter (PM) is well documented. However, the detrimental effects of PM inhalation on the exercising, healthy population is still in question. This review will focus on the acute and chronic responses to PM inhalation during exercise and how PM exposure influences exercise performance. The smaller ultrafine PM (<0.01 μm aerodynamic diameter) appears to have the most severe health consequences compared with the larger coarse PM (2.5 < PM <10 μm aerodynamic diameter). While the response to PM inhalation may affect those with a pre-existing condition, the healthy population is not immune to the effects of PM inhalation, especially during exercise. This population, including the competitive athlete, is susceptible to pulmonary inflammation, decreased lung function (both acute and chronic in nature), the increased risk of asthma, vascular endothelial dysfunction, mild elevations in pulmonary artery pressure and diminished exercise performance. PM exposure is usually associated with vehicular traffic, but other sources of PM, including small engines from lawn and garden equipment, cigarette smoke, wood smoke and cooking, may also impair health and performance. The physiological effects of PM are dependent on the source of PM, various environmental factors, physical attributes and nature of exercise. There are a number of measures an athlete can take to reduce exposure to PM, as well as the deleterious effects that result from the inevitable exposure to PM. Considering the acute and chronic physiological responses to PM inhalation, individuals living and exercising in urban areas in close proximity to major roadways should consider ambient air pollution levels (in particular, PM and ozone) prior to engaging in vigorous exercise, and those exposed to PM through other sources may need to make lifestyle alterations to avoid the deleterious effects of PM inhalation. Although it is clear that PM exposure is detrimental to healthy individuals engaging in exercise, further research is necessary to better understand the role of PM on athlete health and performance, as well as measures that can attenuate the harmful effects of PM.

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Inhaled whole exhaust and its effect on exercise performance and vascular function

Abstract: Exercise performance declined in HPM conditions in part due to impaired vasodilation in the peripheral vasculature.

Cited by 58 publications

References 57 publications

The effect of pre-exercise diesel exhaust exposure on cycling performance and cardio-respiratory variables

The effect of pre-exercise diesel exhaust exposure on cycling performance and cardio-respiratory variables

Effect of air pollution on athlete health and performance

Small Things Make a Big Difference

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