Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen (O2) carriers (HBOCs) have
been developed as an alternative to red blood cells (RBCs) for use
in transfusion medicine. HBOCs have many benefits over RBCs; however,
previous generations of HBOCs failed in clinical trials due to unanticipated
cardiotoxicity. These problems likely originated from vasoconstriction,
hypertension, oxidative stress, and the presence of low-molecular-weight
(MW) Hb species in the HBOC formulation. Therefore, the objective
of this study is to compare the toxicity of small-MW Polymerized bovine
Hb (SPolyHb) to large-MW Polymerized bovine Hb (LPolyHb) in guinea
pigs, since they lack the ability to synthesize vitamin C and are
more sensitive to oxidative stress than other preclinical animal models.
The two PolyHbs used in this study have similar molecular diameters
(72 and 69 nm, respectively), but the SPolyHb included approximately
15% Hb polymers with MW below 256 kDa, which were significantly removed
from LPolyHb. Solutions were injected as a hypervolemic (topload)
infusion of 10% of the blood volume into animals. SPolyHb caused a
50% elevation in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from the baseline, while
LPolyHb caused only a small increase in MAP. Both PolyHbs also increased
markers of organ damage and tissue and systemic inflammation compared
to controls. SPolyHb caused significant changes in tissue function
and vital organ toxicity markers compared to LPolyHb, specifically
markers related to kidney, liver, and lung injury and systemic inflammation
and iron transport by the reticuloendothelial system. LPolyHb had
a longer half-life than SPolyHb, which correlates with observations
made in the reticuloendothelial and iron transport systems. These
studies indicate that the molecular size of PolyHb determines vasoactivity,
circulation time, mechanism of elimination, toxicity, and inflammation
induced by its infusion.