Inhalation toxicity study of formamide in rats

Warheit, David B.; Kinney, L. A.; Carakostas, Michael C.; Ross, Paul E.

doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90328-x

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…FMD is a highly corrosive amide that has been used for manufacturing plastics. Inhalation of large amounts of FMD can require medical attention due to kidney and blood cell injury, 27 although the molecular mechanisms have not been carefully studied. As with water, FMD molecules can form four intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and therefore pure FMD solution will form networks as water does.…”

Section: Cpa-specific Toxicitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions

Best

2015

Rejuvenation Research

377

273

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High levels of penetrating cryoprotectants (CPAs) can eliminate ice formation during cryopreservation of cells, tissues, and organs to cryogenic temperatures. But CPAs become increasingly toxic as concentration increases. Many strategies have been attempted to overcome the problem of eliminating ice while minimizing toxicity, such as attempting to optimize cooling and warming rates, or attempting to optimize time of adding individual CPAs during cooling. Because strategies currently used are not adequate, CPA toxicity remains the greatest obstacle to cryopreservation. CPA toxicity stands in the way of cryogenic cryopreservation of human organs, a procedure that has the potential to save many lives. This review attempts to describe what is known about CPA toxicity, theories of CPA toxicity, and strategies to reduce CPA toxicity. Critical analysis and suggestions are also included.

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Section: Cpa-specific Toxicitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions

Best

2015

Rejuvenation Research

377

273

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“…Basierend auf den bei den gegenüber 500 ml/m 3 exponierten Tieren gemessenen hämatologischen und klinisch-chemischen Parametern wird von den Autoren als NOAEL für wiederholte Inhalation von Formamid ein Wert von 100 ml/m 3 angenommen. Anzumerken ist hierzu, dass bei den mit 100 ml/m 3 behandelten Tieren während der Nachbeobachtungszeit ein signifikanter Anstieg an atypischen Lymphozyten beobachtet wurde (Warheit et al 1989). In dem dieser Veröffentlichung zugrunde liegenden Bericht (Du Pont 1988) wird von den Autoren eine Anzahl der sich bei der mikroskopischen Untersuchung der Gewebe gezeigten Veränderungen nicht als mit der Substanzgabe zusammenhängend eingestuft.…”

Section: Inhalative Aufnahmeunclassified

Formamid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2001]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe , 32. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2001 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Allgemeiner Wirkungscharakter Wirkungsmechanismus Toxikokinetik und Metabolismus Erfahrungen beim Menschen Tierexperimentelle Befunde und In‐vitro‐Untersuchungen Akute Toxizität Subakute, subchronische und chronische Toxizität Wirkung auf Haut und Schleimhäute Allergene Wirkung Reproduktionstoxizität Genotoxizität Kanzerogenität Sonstige Wirkungen Bewertung

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“…Foam mats are generally made of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polyethylene (PE), and cross-linked polyethylene (XPE) as the main materials, with the addition of azodicarbonamide as a foaming agent. Whereas, parts of the azodicarbonamide in the foam mat decompose into formamide and ammonia, and then formamide and ammonia evaporate into the residential environment during the use of foam mats. , Long-term exposure to formamide has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage as well as toxic effects upon reproduction. − Formamide is classified as reproductive toxicity in category 1B under Regulation (European Commission, EC) No 1272/2008 . According to Directive 2009/48/EC, the emission limit is 20 μg/m 3 after a maximum of 28 days emission testing of foam toy materials containing more than 200 mg/kg .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children

Dang

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Formamide has been classified as a Class 1B reproductive toxicant to children by the European Union (EU) Chemicals Agency. Foam mats are a potential source of formamide and ammonia. Online dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DA-APPI-TOFMS) coupled with a Teflon environmental chamber was developed to assess the exposure risk of formamide and ammonia from foam mats to children. High levels of formamide (average 3363.72 mg/m 3 ) and ammonia (average 1586.78 mg/m 3 ) emissions were measured from 21 foam mats with three different raw material types: ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA: n = 7), polyethylene (PE: n = 7), and cross-linked polyethylene (XPE: n = 7). The 28 day emission testing for the selected PE mat showed that the emissions of formamide were 2 orders of magnitude higher than the EU emission limit of 20 μg/m 3 , and formamide may be a permanent indoor contaminant for foam mat products during their life cycle. The exposure assessment of children aged 0.5−6 years showed that the exposure dose was approximately hundreds of mg/kg-day, and the age group of 0.5−2 years was subject to much higher dermal exposures than others. Thus, this study provided key relevant information for further studies on assessing children's exposure to indoor air pollution from foam mats.

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Inhalation toxicity study of formamide in rats

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions

Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions

Formamid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2001]

Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children

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