Inhalation of salt aerosol particles—i. Estimation of the temperature and relative humidity of the air in the human upper airways

Ferron, G.A.; Haider, B.; Kreyling, Wolfgang G.

doi:10.1016/0021-8502(88)90274-1

Cited by 71 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The APS measures the aerodynamic particle size distribution, which assumes unit density particles, spherical in shape. The aerodynamic diameter is likely to be a good approximation to the physical size both for droplets which are primarily aqueous and for dried residue The accuracy of the dilution correction depends on the accuracy of the assumed water vapour concentration inside the mouth during exhalation which we treat as a fixed value (3.3x10-2 kg.m-3), derived from published data [14][15][16][17][18] . Based on the wide variations in the published data and in the accuracy of the water vapour concentration measurements, we ascribe an uncertainty to the dilution factors of 30 %.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Breath Aerosol Formation

Johnson

Morawska

2009

Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery

389

431

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Breath Aerosol Formation

Johnson

Morawska

2009

Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery

389

431

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“…Patients with cardiac and lung disease patients are at greater risk than those without these complications. [70] So far in this category of pollutants, studies related to organic and inorganic mineral phases, PAHs, water soluble ions, and morphological characterization of inorganic contents have been carried out from different areas of Faisalabad. Hussain et al [71] sampled PM from various residential, commercial, and industrial localities of Faisalabad during pre-monsoon months of June and July.…”

Section: Organic-inorganic Particulate Contentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Alvi

Chishtie

Shahid

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Like other Asian countries, Pakistan is facing the issue of air pollution due to rapid urbanization, enormous transportation increases, and other related human activities. Moreover, continuously increasing emission sources have not only raised pollutant concentrations but also their types, thus damaging both human health and the environment. Faisalabad is the third largest megacity of Pakistan and its state of air quality is getting worse due to factors such as industrialization, high traffic volumes, and extensive fossilfuel-burning activities. This review article aims to highlight the present status of air pollution in this city with special reference to particulate matter, elemental profiles, gaseous pollutants, organic-inorganic particulate contents as well as their sources. The concentration levels of these entities were also compared with other national and international cities, and related environmental standards. It is found that current levels of these pollutants are beyond safety limits as specified by various environment protection agencies and organizations. Several weak aspects and gaps are also identified along with suggestions for improvements of the present situation and directions for future research.

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“…The temperature and relative humidity in the respiratory tract have been determined by Ferron et al (36) on the basis of the transport of heat and mass (water vapour) in the human airways. The temperature and humidity profiles used in our simulations are presented in Figure 2.…”

Section: Temperature -Relative Humiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple Mechanistic Model of Deposition of Water-Soluble Aerosol Particles in the Mouth and Throat

Mitsakou

Mitrakos

Neofytou

et al. 2007

Journal of Aerosol Medicine

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Aerosol drugs are usually delivered to the lung by inhalation via the oral route, since aerosol deposition is much lower in the oral than in nasal airways. In the present study a practical, non-CFD-based, mechanistic model is developed, which permits an efficient calculation of deposition along the oral route with simple computational means. A simplified geometrical description of the mouth and throat region is used, based on a sequence of conducting ducts. The numerical model takes into account aerosol dynamics, which enables to express the impact on aerosol transport and deposition of the hygroscopic growth of water-soluble particles. Simulations are made for coarse particles in the range 1-17 µm, and the model predictions are found in good agreement with the available experimental data. The model predicts inertial impaction to be the dominant mechanism, and reproduces correctly the increase in the deposition with an increasing flow rate and particle diameter. Higher deposition is calculated in the oropharyngeal region than the laryngeal region, due to the significant flow direction change and constriction at the end of the oral cavity. According to the model, highly soluble particles may deposit up to 50% more than inert aerosols in the mouth-throat region. The proposed model will be useful for quick, practical calculations of deposition with full account of aerosol dynamical processes.

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Inhalation of salt aerosol particles—i. Estimation of the temperature and relative humidity of the air in the human upper airways

Cited by 71 publications

References 57 publications

The Mechanism of Breath Aerosol Formation

The Mechanism of Breath Aerosol Formation

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

A Simple Mechanistic Model of Deposition of Water-Soluble Aerosol Particles in the Mouth and Throat

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