Inhalation of formaldehyde does not induce systemic genotoxic effects in rats

Speit, Günter; Zeller, Jack A.; Schmid, Oliver; Elhajouji, Azeddine; Ma‐Hock, Lan; Neuss, Simone

doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.05.020

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Formaldehyde-induced aneuploidy in the absence of a clear clastogenic effect is highly unlikely and an association between formaldehyde exposure and aneuploidy is most likely a chance finding. A negative in vivo micronucleus test with rats exposed to formaldehyde by inhalation for 4 weeks with target concentrations up to 15 ppm supports the view that formaldehyde does not induce aneuploidy in bone marrow cells (13).…”

Section: Does Formaldehyde Induce Aneuploidy?supporting

confidence: 53%

“…It is not possible for us to critically evaluate these studies, which were not published in internationally recognized journals. However, reliable and comprehensive in vivo animal inhalation studies done according to international guidelines for genotoxicity testing are published and clearly indicate that formaldehyde does not have a systemic genotoxic effect on blood and bone marrow (13,16). Human biomonitoring studies have given inconsistent and conflicting results and the likelihood that cytogenetic effects measured in cultured peripheral lymphocytes of formaldehydeexposed subjects are actually related to formaldehyde exposure has been critically discussed (9).…”

Section: Are Systemic Mutagenic Effects Of Formaldehyde Likely?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from the well-known fact that the equilibrium at 25°C is far on the side of methanediol, no further information regarding possible physiologic effects could be derived. At present, the proposed role of methanediol in formaldehyde's genotoxicity is merely speculative and the abundance of evidence suggests that there is no delivery of inhaled formaldehyde to distant sites (13,19).…”

Section: Are Systemic Mutagenic Effects Of Formaldehyde Likely?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde, Hematotoxicity and Leukemia-Specific Chromosome Changes in Cultured Myeloid Progenitor Cells – Letter

Speit

Gelbke²,

Pallapies

et al. 2010

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Section: Does Formaldehyde Induce Aneuploidy?supporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Are Systemic Mutagenic Effects Of Formaldehyde Likely?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Are Systemic Mutagenic Effects Of Formaldehyde Likely?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde, Hematotoxicity and Leukemia-Specific Chromosome Changes in Cultured Myeloid Progenitor Cells – Letter

Speit

Gelbke²,

Pallapies

et al. 2010

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

Self Cite

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“…4 Genotoxicity Clear evidence of systemic mutagenicity does not emerge from animal inhalation bioassays, despite the reactivity and mutagenicity demonstrated in isolated mammalian cells. [52][53][54] …”

Section: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Amended Safety Assessment of Formaldehyde and Methylene Glycol as Used in Cosmetics

Boyer¹,

Heldreth²,

Bergfeld³

et al. 2013

Int J Toxicol

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Formaldehyde and methylene glycol may be used safely in cosmetics if established limits are not exceeded and are safe for use in nail hardeners in the present practices of use and concentration, which include instructions to avoid skin contact. In hair-smoothing products, however, in the present practices of use and concentration, formaldehyde and methylene glycol are unsafe. Methylene glycol is continuously converted to formaldehyde, and vice versa, even at equilibrium, which can be easily shifted by heating, drying, and other conditions to increase the amount of formaldehyde. This rapid, reversible formaldehyde/methylene glycol equilibrium is distinguished from the slow, irreversible release of formaldehyde resulting from the so-called formaldehyde releaser preservatives, which are not addressed in this safety assessment (formaldehyde releasers may continue to be safely used in cosmetics at the levels established in their individual Cosmetic Ingredient Review safety assessments).

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“…Moreover, inhalation of FA has been shown to inhibit learning and memory performance in mice (Lu et al, 2008) and to cause increased oxidative stress (Zhou et al, 2006) in rat testis and the developing rat liver (Kum et al, 2007a). Conversely, other studies have suggested that FA inhalation does not influence systemic genotoxicity (Speit et al, 2009), renal oxidative stress (Kum et al, 2007b), asthmatic response (Ezratty et al, 2007) or cerebellum development (Songur et al, 2008). In con-trast, inhalation of FA at low doses was shown to have a protective effect against allergic reactions and cell death induced by ovalbumin immunization (Fujimaki et al, 2004;Lino et al, 2009;Tsukahara et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early changes to oxidative stress levels following exposure to formaldehyde in ICR mice

et al. 2010

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-Formaldehyde (FA) is a commonly used chemical in everyday life and can react with many molecules in the human body. Although toxicity has been reported, exposure to FA has also been shown to have beneficial effects or no effect at all. In the present study, we examined the effect of FA inhalation on oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. Male adult ICR mice were exposed FA in gaseous form (0.1 ppm), and blood, urine, brain, lung and liver were obtained for 24 hr. Levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) and NO 3 -were then determined by HPLC. A second group of mice were injected with 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after 24 hr of FA (3 ppm) inhalation and blood and organs were assayed for NO 3 -level and SOD activity. After exposure to a low dose of FA (0.1 ppm), the 8OHdG/ dG ratio significantly increased in plasma. However, the ratio in urine and organs significantly decreased during 24 hr of FA exposure. The NO 3 -levels mirrored the 8OHdG/dG ratio. After 24 hr exposure to a high dose of FA (3 ppm), NO 3 -levels in plasma and liver were significantly lower than in control mice exposed to air only. The SOD activity of blood and urine were conversely increased in FA exposed animals. In the present study, we suggest that inhalation of FA at low doses influences the oxidative stress response in a tissue-specific manner. The FA may partially alleviate in some tissues like preconditioning in oxidative stress.

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Inhalation of formaldehyde does not induce systemic genotoxic effects in rats

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde, Hematotoxicity and Leukemia-Specific Chromosome Changes in Cultured Myeloid Progenitor Cells – Letter

Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde, Hematotoxicity and Leukemia-Specific Chromosome Changes in Cultured Myeloid Progenitor Cells – Letter

Amended Safety Assessment of Formaldehyde and Methylene Glycol as Used in Cosmetics

Early changes to oxidative stress levels following exposure to formaldehyde in ICR mice

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