Inhalation Kinetics of C6 to C10 Aliphatic, Aromatic and Naphthenic Hydrocarbons in Rat after Repeated Exposures

Zahlsen, Kolbjørn; Eide, Ingvar; Nilsen, Asbjørn Magne; Nilsen, Odd G.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00534.x

Cited by 52 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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Section: Systemic Distribution Of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvent Constmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These values correlated with the decreasing trend in mean steady state air concentrations with increasing carbon number, a reflection of the differences in vapor pressure. Data from Zahlsen et al (1992Zahlsen et al ( , 1993 indicate that normal-and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers in the range of C8-C10 reach similar steady state concentrations in the brain, but the levels of cycloparaffinic hydrocarbons reach maximum concentrations at C8 and then decline with increasing molecular weight. Accordingly, for hydrocarbons with carbon numbers  C12, exposure by the inhalation route is expected to be limited because of their low vapor pressures, and may be further limited by blood/brain barrier effects (Hau et al 2001).…”

Section: Toxicokinetic Properties Of Saturated Constituents Of Hydrocmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels of aromatics in blood and fat were higher than those of the corresponding aliphatics at both low and high exposure levels, but levels of aromatics in the CNS were similar to those of n-paraffins and lower than those of cycloparaffins (Eide and Zahlsen 1996). In other studies, however, systemic absorption of n-alkanes appeared to be lower than levels of cycloparaffins over the C6-C9 carbon number range, but higher for C10 alkanes than for the corresponding cycloparaffins (Zahlsen et al 1992(Zahlsen et al , 1993.Compared to aromatics, similar brain/blood, fat/blood and fat/brain ratios for n-nonane and 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane indicated strong similarities in biological affinities to proteins and/or lipids, solubility, and tissue distribution at high exposure concentrations (500-1000 ppm) (Zahlsen et al 1990). In a study to evaluate tissue distribution of C6-C10 n-paraffins, aromatics and cycloparaffins, rats were exposed 12 hours/day for 3 consecutive days to each of these constituents at 100 ppm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It should be noted that the aromatic hydrocarbons can induce their own metabolism (Zahlsen et al 1990(Zahlsen et al , 1992, therefore in experimental studies, the rates of elimination of aromatic constituents increase with increasing dose and time of treatment Hydrocarbon solvent toxicology 289 DOI 10.3109/10408444.2015.1016216 (McKee et al 2010. The aliphatic constituents do not appear to induce their own metabolism, but if metabolism is induced by co-exposure to aromatics, the rates of elimination of the aliphatic constituents are also increased (Jarnberg et al 1997).…”

Section: Potential Interactions Among Hydrocarbon Solvent Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That this is true is demonstrated empirically by evidence that the results of studies of complex solvents, summarized in the appendices, are similar to those of mono-constituents or solvents with narrowly restricted carbon number ranges or are comprised of specific hydrocarbon types. The characteristics that have the greatest influence on the differing properties of hydrocarbon solvents are those related to physical/chemical properties.It should be noted that the aromatic hydrocarbons can induce their own metabolism (Zahlsen et al 1990(Zahlsen et al , 1992, therefore in experimental studies, the rates of elimination of aromatic constituents increase with increasing dose and time of treatment Hydrocarbon solvent toxicology 289 DOI 10.3109/10408444.2015.1016216 (McKee et al 2010. The aliphatic constituents do not appear to induce their own metabolism, but if metabolism is induced by co-exposure to aromatics, the rates of elimination of the aliphatic constituents are also increased (Jarnberg et al 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Systemic Distribution Of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvent Constmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Toxicokinetic Properties Of Saturated Constituents Of Hydrocmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Potential Interactions Among Hydrocarbon Solvent Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Baxter¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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The alicyclic hydrocarbons include the cycloalkanes, also called cycloparaffins , cyclanes , and naphthenes , and the cycloalkenes, also known as cycloolefins and cyclenes , and their alkyl and alkenyl derivatives. Some of these derivatives occur naturally in plants and are commonly known as terpenes . Other compounds can be isolated from crude petroleum refinery distillates or catalytically cracked petroleum products. Cycloalkanes are extensively used to produce re‐formed aromatics and as solvents or synthesis intermediates. Some physical properties of the cycloalkanes are given. Cyclopropane and cyclobutane are gases and have been used as anesthetics. Cyclopentane and higher members are liquids with low acute and chronic toxicity overall, but still able to induce many toxic responses characteristic of lipophylic compounds, including central nervous system (CNS) depression, dizziness, and headache. For cyclohexane and higher analogs, the margin of safety between CNS depression and death is very narrow and symptomatically barely recognizable. Following ingestion or inhalation cycloalkanes are exhaled in unchanged form or rapidly metabolized into water‐soluble metabolites, usually glucuronides. Exposure of humans and laboratory animals to high concentrations may cause excitement, loss of equilibrium, stupor, and coma, but rarely death. Oral administration of high doses to animals has additionally resulted in severe diarrhea, vascular collapse, and heart, lung, liver, and brain degeneration. Cycloparaffins and cycloalkenes are also ocular and dermal irritants since, as lipophylic agents, they defat the skin. In many cases they are also skin sensitizers; their sensitizing activity increases with the number of double bonds. The liquid members up to cyclooctane, and to a lesser exent cyclododecane, are aspiration hazards. The cyclic olefins are more highly reactive than their paraffin counterparts. They contribute to photochemical smog by reacting with ozone and other small molecular or ionic species. Selected physical properties are given. In C4–C7 cycloalkenes, toxicity increases with molecular weight. Cycladienes and polyenes appear to possess increasingly irritant, toxic, and sensitizing properties, peaking somewhat higher for cycladienes than for monocyclic alkenes. The aspiration hazard also appears higher for the cycloalkenes than the cycloalkanes.

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Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Baxter¹

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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The alicyclic hydrocarbons include the cycloalkanes, also called cycloparaffins , cyclanes , and naphthenes , and the cycloalkenes, also known as cycloolefins and cyclenes , and their alkyl and alkenyl derivatives. Some of these derivatives occur naturally in plants and are commonly known as terpenes . Other compounds can be isolated from crude petroleum refinery distillates or catalytically cracked petroleum products. Cycloalkanes are extensively used to produce reformed aromatics and as solvents or synthesis intermediates. Some physical properties of the cycloalkanes are given. Cyclopropane and cyclobutane are gases and have been used as anesthetics. Cyclopentane and higher members are liquids with low acute and chronic toxicity overall, but still able to induce many toxic responses characteristic of lipophilic compounds, including central nervous system (CNS) depression, dizziness, and headache. For cyclohexane and higher analogs, the margin of safety between CNS depression and death is very narrow and symptomatically barely recognizable. Following ingestion or inhalation, cycloalkanes are exhaled in unchanged form or rapidly metabolized into water‐soluble metabolites, usually glucuronides. Exposure of humans and laboratory animals to high concentrations may cause excitement, loss of equilibrium, stupor, and coma, but rarely death. Oral administration of high doses to animals has additionally resulted in severe diarrhea, vascular collapse, and heart, lung, liver, and brain degeneration. Cycloparaffins and cycloalkenes are also ocular and dermal irritants since, as lipophilic agents, they defat the skin. In many cases, they are also skin sensitizers; their sensitizing activity increases with the number of double bonds. The liquid members up to cyclooctane, and to a lesser extent cyclododecane, are aspiration hazards. The cyclic olefins are more highly reactive than their paraffin counterparts. They contribute to photochemical smog by reacting with ozone and other small molecular or ionic species. Selected physical properties are given. In C 4 –C 7 cycloalkenes, toxicity increases with molecular weight. Cycladienes and polyenes appear to possess increasingly irritant, toxic, and sensitizing properties, peaking somewhat higher for cycladienes than for monocyclic alkenes. The aspiration hazard also appears higher for the cycloalkenes than the cycloalkanes.

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Inhalation Kinetics of C6 to C10 Aliphatic, Aromatic and Naphthenic Hydrocarbons in Rat after Repeated Exposures

Cited by 52 publications

References 8 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

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