Inhalation exposure of animals.

Phalen, Robert F.

doi:10.1289/ehp.761617

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The spatial uniformity of the TSE exposure system was good and is likely better than the ±10% reported because the variability of the laboratory air and optical particle counter were not factored out of the calculation. In reviews of aerosol exposure chambers (MacFarland 1983;Phalen 1997;Tillery et al 1976;Cheng and Moss 1995;Phalen 2009), whole body chamber uniformity (ranging from ±2.1 to ±12.8) has varied depending on the tracer gas used (MacFarland 1983) and as would be expected, vary as function of particle size (Yeh et al 1986). For nose-only exposure systems, uniformity is typically better than ±10%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Predicted and Experimentally Measured Aerosol Deposition Efficiency in BALB/C Mice in a New Nose-Only Exposure System

Oldham

Phalen

Budiman³

2009

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The use of respiratory tract dosimetry predictions to estimate the desired aerosol exposure concentration required for a specific target deposited dose in animal inhalation studies has been hindered by: (1) a lack of species/strain specific quantitative respiratory tract anatomy; and (2) verification by comparison of calculated and experimentally measured deposited doses. Using recent literature on tracheobronchial and pulmonary respiratory tract anatomy, dosimetry predictions for the Balb/c mouse were compared with deposited doses for 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 micrometer diameter aerosols in a newly available nose-only exposure system. Spatial and temporal aerosol port to port uniformity of this noseonly exposure system was within ± 10% of the mean. Dosimetry predictions were in agreement with the measured mean deposited doses for the aerosols tested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Predicted and Experimentally Measured Aerosol Deposition Efficiency in BALB/C Mice in a New Nose-Only Exposure System

Oldham

Phalen

Budiman³

2009

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Five basic types of inhalation toxicology studies have been described: whole body, head only, nose only, lung only, and partial lung (6). Each exposure type has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages.…”

Section: Inhalation Toxicology Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Inhalation Toxicology

Dorato¹

1990

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The development of inhalation toxicology as a distinct discipline can be traced back well over one hundred years. The technology has advanced in terms of materials and designs used to construct inhalation chambers and the equipment used to generate controlled test atmospheres ofa wide variety of gases, vapors, dusts, and droplets. Consideration of metered dose inhalers, a relatively recent concern, has led to the design of new equipment for administering this unique dosage form. The parameters used to evaluate inhalation toxicity are similar to those used for any other route of administration. In addition, there are some unique procedures for early screening of pulmonary toxicity, especially within a series of related chemicals.

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“…Those cited here are only a sample of the available references. The more comprehensive reviews and some unique systems are cited here (14,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Whole body exposures are usually carried out in stainless steel and glass chambers operated under dynamic conditions.…”

Section: Whole Body Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation exposure methodology.

Phalen¹,

Mannix²,

Drew³

1984

Environ Health Perspect

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Modern man is being confronted with an ever-increasing inventory of potentially toxic airborne substances. Exposures to these atmospheric contaminants occur in residential and commercial settings, as well as in the workplace. In order to study the toxicity of such materials, a special technology relating to inhalation exposure systems has evolved.The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the techniques which are used in exposing laboratory subjects to airborne particles and gases. The various modes of inhalation exposure (whole body, head only, nose or mouth only, etc.) are described at length, including the advantages and disadvantages inherent to each mode. Numerous literature citations are included for further reading. Among the topics briefly discussed are the selection of appropriate animal species for toxicological testing, and the types of inhalation studies performed (acute, chronic, etc.).

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Inhalation exposure of animals.

Cited by 38 publications

References 18 publications

Comparison of Predicted and Experimentally Measured Aerosol Deposition Efficiency in BALB/C Mice in a New Nose-Only Exposure System

Comparison of Predicted and Experimentally Measured Aerosol Deposition Efficiency in BALB/C Mice in a New Nose-Only Exposure System

Overview of Inhalation Toxicology

Inhalation exposure methodology.

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