Inhalation and dermal exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated carcinogenic risks in a relatively small city

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe aim of this study was to conduct a carcinogenic risk assessment for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via routes of inhalation and dermal contact. Concentrations of 19 PAH species were determined during a heating period at a site in the city of Balikesir, Turkey. Two questionnaires were administered to a sample of inhabitants to determine time-activity budgets and demographic information. The assessment was conducted for each participant and Balikesir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to determine the population exposure-risk probability distributions. The estimates were based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP eq ) total PAH concentrations calculated using toxic equivalency factors. The mean and median BaP eq concentrations of gaseous and particulate phases were 3.25 and 1.34, and 38.5 and 34.0 ng/m 3 , respectively. Carcinogenic risk for inhalation exposure route was estimated by using two different slope factor values (3.9 and 304.5 (mg/kg-day) À 1 ), recommended by two different organizations, resulting in two (order(s) of magnitude apart) population risk ranges: 1.32 Â 10 À 7 -2.23 Â 10 À 4 , and 1.61 Â 10 À 5 -7.95 Â 10 À 3 , respectively. The population risks associated with dermal exposure were lower compared to those of inhalation, ranging from 6.58 Â 10 À 9 to 2.57 Â 10 À 6 . The proportion of the population with risks higher than the general acceptable level (1.0 Â 10 À 6 ) was estimated as 499 percent, for inhalation, and as 28 percent for dermal exposure route.

POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks

“…Gaga et al (2012) reported average inhalation risks for heating (2.92 × 10 −3 ) and non-heating periods (1.15 × 10 −3 ) in Kocaeli. Gungormus et al (2014) estimated inhalation risk as 4.12 × 10 −5 and dermal risk as 1.63 × 10 −6 in Balikesir, a relatively small city.…”

“…Risk associated with inhalation route was 1.83-4.20 times higher than the dermal route in Spain (Vilavert et al 2014). The only study considering both of the exposure routes for assessment in Turkey was conducted by Gungormus et al (2014) in Balikesir, a relatively small city with a population of about 266,000. The population risks associated with inhalation exposure ranged between 1.32 × 10 −7 and 2.23 × 10 −4 by using the same SF value used in this study.…”

Source apportionment and carcinogenic risk assessment of passive air sampler-derived PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized region

“…where C j is the BaP equivalents (BaP eq ) for each PAH compound concentration (ng/m 3 ) or the concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin equivalents for each dioxin-like PCB congener (pg/m 3 ) or concentration of each non-dioxin like PCB congener (pg/m 3 ), IR is inhalation rate (m 3 /day), ED is exposure duration (yr), EF is exposure frequency (days/yr), BW is body weight (kg), and AT is averaging time that is assumed as lifetime (25,550 days) in carcinogenic risk assessment. Toxic equivalence factor (TEF) values proposed by Nisbet and LaGoy (1992) Kavcar et al (2006), Yılmaz Civan (2010), Gungormus et al (2014), andYılmaz Civan et al (2015). They reported overall IR and BW probability distributions.…”

Multi-route – Multi-pathway exposure to trihalomethanes and associated cumulative health risks with response and dose addition

“…CRPF approach could be used for estimation of the cumulative cancer risk of DBP mixture, dividing the DBP components to subclasses and selecting an index component for each subclass. Their doses are converted to index chemical equivalents using the RPFs, similar to Toxic Equivalency Factors that have been used for pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (Gungormus et al, 2014;Ugranli et al, 2016;Dumanoglu et al, 2017;Cetin et al, 2018). Then, the risk factor of the index chemical is used to calculate the risk associated with the calculated total dose of the subclass.…”