Inhalable particles and pulmonary host defense: In vivo and in vitro effects of ambient air and combustion particles

Hatch, Gary E.; Boykin, Elizabeth; Graham, Judith A.; Lewtas, Joellen; Pott, F.; Loud, K.; Mumford, Judy L.

doi:10.1016/0013-9351(85)90008-8

Cited by 172 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…At the time of collection, the power plant was burning a low-sulfur number 6 residual oil. The temperature of the effluent stream at the time of collection was 204°C (32). The physicochemical properties and composition of the ROFA used in these studies have been described elsewhere (33).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription factor activation following exposure of an intact lung preparation to metallic particulate matter.

Samet

Silbajoris

Huang

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Metallic constituents contained in ambient particulate matter have been associated with adverse effects in a number of epidemiologic, in vitro, and in vivo studies. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a metallic by-product of the combustion of fossil fuel oil, which has been shown to induce a variety of proinflammatory responses in lung cells. We have examined signaling pathways activated in response to ROFA exposure and recently reported that ROFA treatment activates multiple mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in the rat lung. In the present study we extended our investigations on the mechanism of toxicity of ROFA to include transcription factors whose activities are regulated by MAP kinases as well as possible effectors of transcriptional changes that mediate the effects of ROFA. We applied immunohistochemical methods to detect ROFA-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF kappa B), activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), c-Jun, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in intact lung tissue and confirmed and characterized their functional activation using DNA binding assays. We performed these studies using a perfused rabbit lung model that is devoid of blood elements in order to distinguish between intrinsic lung cell effects and effects that are secondary to inflammatory cell influx. We report here that exposure to ROFA results in a rapid activation of all of the transcription factors studied by exerting direct effects on lung cells. These findings validate the use of immunohistochemistry to detect transcription factor activation in vivo and demonstrate the utility of studying signaling changes in response to environmental exposures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription factor activation following exposure of an intact lung preparation to metallic particulate matter.

Samet

Silbajoris

Huang

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Volcanic MSH was collected and provided by Andrew McFarland, Texas A&M University. The characteristics of these particulate matter samples have been described by a number of investigators (7,8,(23)(24)(25)(26). A summary of the main physical and chemical properties of the four types of particulate matter is presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Particle-Induced Apoptosis and Phenotype Shifts in Human Alveolar Macrophages

Holian¹,

Hamilton²,

Morandi³

et al. 1998

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Epidemiological studies report a smail but positive asociation between short-term increases in airborne partculate matter and small increases in morbidy and mortalit from respiratory and cardiovascular disea in urban areas'. However, the lack ofa meanistic explanation to link partide exposure and h n health efects makes it difficult to validate the human health eflects. The present study tested the hypothesis that urban partides could cause apoptosis of human alveolar macrophages (AM) and a shift of their phenotypes to a higher immune active state, which would provide a mechanism to eplain an inflammary response.

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“…In most of these reports, qualitative and quantitative information on exposure is very limited and confounding factors, such as exposure to silica and tobacco smoke, have not been considered (WHO, 2005). It has been shown that bentonite airborne dust is associated with elevated susceptibility to pulmonary infections (Hatch et al, 1985). In addition, handling Fuller's Earth (often referred to as a bentonite) has been associated with pneumoconiosis.…”

Section: Safety For the Usermentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Friedland clay (montmorillonite‐illite mixed layer clay) when used as technological additive for all animal species

2014

EFS2

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Friedland clay is typically composed of the major constituents montmorillonite, illite, quartz and kaolin. Based on a series of studies in chickens for fattening, sows, dairy cows and cattle for fattening, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concludes that 20 000 mg Friedland clay/kg complete feed is safe for these target species/categories and extends this conclusion to all animal species. A margin of safety cannot be determined. The use of Friedland clay as an additive in animal nutrition would not give rise to safety concerns for consumers. When handling the product, users may be exposed to harmful substances in Friedland clay (crystalline silica), particularly by inhalation. Measures must be taken to limit exposure of users to dust. In the absence of data on the effects on skin and eyes, it is prudent to consider Friedland clay as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a potential dermal sensitiser. The mineral components occurring in Friedland clay are ubiquitous in the environment. Therefore, it is not expected that its use as a feed additive would adversely affect the environment. Friedland clay has the potential to improve pellet hardness by acting as a binder. The FEEDAP Panel considers that insufficient evidence was provided to establish the binding and anticaking properties of Friedland clay. Friedland clay originates from volcanic ash which sedimented in a marine milieu in the Scandinavian region during the Eocene epoch and, as a result of further geological activities, turned into clay. This clay is found in a very specific area of Germany, where it is produced. Friedland clay is typically composed of the major constituents montmorillonite, illite, quartz and kaolin. © European FoodBased on a series of studies on chickens for fattening, sows, dairy cows and cattle for fattening, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that 20 000 mg Friedland clay/kg complete feed is safe for these target species/categories and extends this conclusion to all animal species. A margin of safety cannot be determined.The use of Friedland clay as an additive in animal nutrition would not give rise to safety concerns for consumers.The FEEDAP Panel concludes that dust generated from Friedland clay during normal handling has the potential to expose the whole of the respiratory tract of users to harmful substances (crystalline silica) for which no safe levels of exposure have been identified. Measures must be taken to limit exposure of users to dust. In the absence of data on the effects on skin and eyes, it is prudent to consider Friedland clay as irritant to skin and eyes and as a potential dermal sensitiser.The mineral components of Friedland clay are ubiquitous in the environment. Therefore, it is not expected that its use as a feed additive would adversely affect the environment.The FEEDAP Panel considers that insufficient evidence was provided to establish the binding and anticaking properties of Friedland clay.The FEEDAP Panel made some recommendations regarding the identity and cond...

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Inhalable particles and pulmonary host defense: In vivo and in vitro effects of ambient air and combustion particles

Cited by 172 publications

References 17 publications

Transcription factor activation following exposure of an intact lung preparation to metallic particulate matter.

Transcription factor activation following exposure of an intact lung preparation to metallic particulate matter.

Urban Particle-Induced Apoptosis and Phenotype Shifts in Human Alveolar Macrophages

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Friedland clay (montmorillonite‐illite mixed layer clay) when used as technological additive for all animal species

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