Ingredient label claim compliance and oxidative quality of EPA/DHA omega-3 retail products in the U.S.

Bannenberg, Gerard; Rice, Harry B.; Bernasconi, Aldo; Ferrari, Alexis; Mallon, Craig; Navarrete, Luís; Hughes, Rosemarie; Igarashi, Javier; Persons, Keith; Latynski, Lanie; Phung, Austin; Wang, Selina; Ismail, Adam

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103435

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…With some exceptions, the measured EPA and DHA content matches the declared or legally demanded content. , For the peroxide value, studies report varying results. While De Boer et al and Bannenberg et al report about 14% of the supplements studied had peroxide values greater than the maximum limit of 5 meq O 2 /kg, ,, in the study by Albert et al, this was the case in 83% of the samples . However, the peroxide value is a sum parameter for the actual reactive species and provides no information about the composition of the oxidized and nonoxidized PUFA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The quality and lipid composition of n3-PUFA supplements have been investigated in several studies. ,− However, in previous studies, it was only investigated whether the amount of EPA and DHA corresponds to the declaration of the manufacturer, in which the n3-PUFA lipids are bound, or if the oxidation level determined by peroxide value and anisidine value indicates rancidity of the oils. With some exceptions, the measured EPA and DHA content matches the declared or legally demanded content. , For the peroxide value, studies report varying results. While De Boer et al and Bannenberg et al report about 14% of the supplements studied had peroxide values greater than the maximum limit of 5 meq O 2 /kg, ,, in the study by Albert et al, this was the case in 83% of the samples .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive Analysis of Fatty Acid and Oxylipin Patterns in n3-PUFA Supplements

Koch

Kampschulte

Schebb

2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Supplementing long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) improves health. We characterized the pattern of total and non-esterified oxylipins and fatty acids in n3 supplements made of fish, krill, or micro-algae oil by LC-MS. All supplements contained the declared amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); however, their content per capsule and the concentration of other fatty acids varied strongly. Krill oil contained the highest total n3 oxylipin concentration (6000 nmol/g) and the highest degree of oxidation (EPA 0.7%; DHA 1.3%), while micro-algae oil (Schizochytrium sp.) showed the lowest oxidation (<0.09%). These oils contain specifically high amounts of the terminal hydroxylation product of EPA (20-HEPE, 300 nmol/g) and DHA (22-HDHA, 200 nmol/g), which can serve as an authenticity marker for micro-algae oil. Refined micro-algae and fish oil were characterized by NEFA levels of ≤0.1%. Overall, the oxylipin and fatty acid pattern allows gaining new insights into the origin and quality of n3-PUFA oils in supplements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Analysis of Fatty Acid and Oxylipin Patterns in n3-PUFA Supplements

Koch

Kampschulte

Schebb

2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Recently, Antigoni et al highlighted possible reasons for the discordance observed in human studies and the lack of translation from animal studies, citing varying dosage, source of fish oil, duration of intervention, and the methods used to assess insulin sensitivity as plausible reasons for this discrepancy [ 17 ]. Another current publication evaluating multiple ω−3PUFA formulations commercially available revealed much variation among the products, highlighting the importance of third-party evaluation even on products meeting FDA standards [ 18 ]. Studies with order of magnitude differences in dosing ranges, from milligrams to grams daily, have been published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ω-3PUFA supplementation ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in subjects with obesity: a potential role for apolipoprotein E

Hernandez

Rau

et al. 2021

Int J Obes

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Background Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFA) supplementation in animal models of diet-induced obesity has consistently shown to improve insulin sensitivity. The same is not always reported in human studies with insulin resistant (IR) subjects with obesity. Objective We studied whether high-dose ω-3PUFA supplementation for 3 months improves insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in IR subjects with obesity. Methods Thirteen subjects (BMI = 39.3 ± 1.6 kg/m2) underwent 80 mU/m2·min euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp with subcutaneous (Sc) AT biopsy before and after 3 months of ω-3PUFA (DHA and EPA, 4 g/daily) supplementation. Cytoadipokine plasma profiles were assessed before and after ω-3PUFA. AT-specific inflammatory gene expression was evaluated on Sc fat biopsies. Microarray analysis was performed on the fat biopsies collected during the program. Results Palmitic and stearic acid plasma levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after ω-3PUFA. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers and adipokines were improved after ω-3PUFA (P < 0.05). Systemic inflammation was decreased after ω-3PUFA, as shown by cytokine assessment (P < 0.05). These changes were associated with a 25% increase in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (4.7 ± 0.6 mg/kg ffm•min vs. 5.9 ± 0.9 mg/kg ffm•min) despite no change in body weight. Microarray analysis identified 53 probe sets significantly altered post- ω-3PUFA, with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) being one of the most upregulated genes. Conclusion High dose of long chain ω-3PUFA supplementation modulates significant changes in plasma fatty acid profile, AT, and systemic inflammation. These findings are associated with significant improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Unbiased microarray analysis of Sc fat biopsy identified APOE as among the most differentially regulated gene after ω-3PUFA supplementation. We speculate that ω-3PUFA increases macrophage-derived APOE mRNA levels with anti-inflammatory properties.

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“…Before fish oil products are sold to consumers, the oxidative quality of EPA/DHA omega-3 ingredient oils and finished products is typically measured using peroxide value (PV), para -anisidine value (p-AV), and total oxidation number (TOTOX). Recent studies show that the large majority of ingredient oils as well as finished products found in retail stores is of acceptable quality, although further improvements in oxidative quality can be made for some retail products [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Compositional Changes in Over-Oxidized Fish Oils

Phung

Bannenberg²,

Vigor

et al. 2020

Foods

Self Cite

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A recent study has reported that the administration during gestation of a highly rancid hoki liver oil, obtained by oxidation through sustained exposure to oxygen gas and incident light for 30 days, causes newborn mortality in rats. This effect was attributed to lipid hydroperoxides formed in the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich oil, while other chemical changes in the damaged oil were overlooked. In the present study, the oxidation condition employed to damage the hoki liver oil was replicated, and the extreme rancidity was confirmed. A detailed analysis of temporal chemical changes resulting from the sustained oxidative challenge involved measures of eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) omega-3 oil oxidative quality (peroxide value, para-anisidine value, total oxidation number, acid value, oligomers, antioxidant content, and induction time) as well as changes in fatty acid content, volatiles, isoprostanoids, and oxysterols. The chemical description was extended to refined anchovy oil, which is a more representative ingredient oil used in omega-3 finished products. The present study also analyzed the effects of a different oxidation method involving thermal exposure in the dark in contact with air, which is an oxidation condition that is more relevant to retail products. The two oils had different susceptibility to the oxidation conditions, resulting in distinct chemical oxidation signatures that were determined primarily by antioxidant protection as well as specific methodological aspects of the applied oxidative conditions. Unique isoprostanoids and oxysterols were formed in the over-oxidized fish oils, which are discussed in light of their potential biological activities.

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Ingredient label claim compliance and oxidative quality of EPA/DHA omega-3 retail products in the U.S.

Cited by 18 publications

References 35 publications

Comprehensive Analysis of Fatty Acid and Oxylipin Patterns in n3-PUFA Supplements

Comprehensive Analysis of Fatty Acid and Oxylipin Patterns in n3-PUFA Supplements

ω-3PUFA supplementation ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in subjects with obesity: a potential role for apolipoprotein E

Chemical Compositional Changes in Over-Oxidized Fish Oils

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