Ingestion of Casein and Whey Proteins Result in Muscle Anabolism after Resistance Exercise

Tipton, Kevin D.; Elliott, Tabatha A.; Cree, Melanie G.; Wolf, Steven E.; Sanford, Arthur P.; Wolfe, Robert R.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000147582.99810.c5

Cited by 287 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

221

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Prevention of the dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 after a bout of RE by ingestion of whey proteins probably prevents association of the 4E-BP1 with eIF4E (43). This allows a larger increase in protein synthesis (12,28,35,43), a phenomenon previously observed after the ingestion of whey proteins (52,53). It can be speculated that whey protein alone can affect mTOR signaling TORC1 dependently and independently as the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 from this site (Thr 37/46 ) may occur independently of TORC1 unlike the phosphorylation of p70 S6K (25,54,58).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

Hulmi¹,

Tannerstedt²,

Selänne³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hulmi JJ, Tannerstedt J, Selä nne H, Kainulainen H, Kovanen V, Mero AA. Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men. J Appl Physiol 106: 1720 -1729. First published March 19, 2009 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00087.2009.-Signaling pathways sense local and systemic signals and regulate muscle hypertrophy. The effects of whey protein ingestion on acute and long-term signaling responses of resistance exercise are not well known. Previously untrained young men were randomized into protein (n ϭ 9), placebo (n ϭ 9), and control (n ϭ 11) groups. Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were taken before and 1 h and 48 h after a leg press of 5 ϫ 10 repetitions [resistance exercise (RE)] and after 21 wk (2 times per week) of resistance training (RT). Protein (15 g of whey) or nonenergetic placebo was ingested before and after a single RE bout and each RE workout throughout the RT. The protein group increased its body mass and VL muscle thickness (measured by ultrasonography) already at week 10.5 (P Ͻ 0.05). At week 21, the protein and placebo groups had similarly increased their myofiber size. No changes were observed in the nonexercised controls. However, the phosphorylation of p70 S6K and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) were increased at 1 h post-RE measured by Western blotting, the former being the greatest with protein ingestion. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation was increased after the RE bout and RT only in the protein group, whereas the protein ingestion prevented the post-RE decrease in phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (p-4E-BP1). Akt phosphorylation decreased after RT, whereas no change was observed in phosphorylated eukaryotic elongation factor 2. A post-RE decrease in muscle myostatin protein occurred only in the placebo group. The results indicate that resistance exercise rapidly increases mTOR signaling and may decrease myostatin protein expression in muscle and that whey protein increases and prolongs the mTOR signaling response.hypertrophy; training; nutrition; S6K1; skeletal muscle ADEQUATE MUSCLE MASS is crucial for human well-being. It is, therefore, important to identify the mechanisms that stimulate muscle hypertrophy or prevent atrophy. The most efficient way to increase the size of a skeletal muscle is by resistance training (RT) in combination with protein-containing nutrition. Muscle hypertrophy due to RT and protein nutrition seems largely to result from cumulative acute increases in muscle protein synthesis. One resistance exercise (RE) bout can within 1 h increase muscle protein synthesis (9), which can last up to 72 h after exercise (39). Protein ingestion before or after a bout of RE has been shown to significantly enhance this response (52) and be possibly more beneficial in terms of muscle hypertrophy than nutrient ingestion at other times of day (7, 11). It would thus be important to understand how protein ingestion affects pathways regulating intracellular hypertrophy of muscle in the context ...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

Hulmi¹,

Tannerstedt²,

Selänne³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In summary, although several studies have analyzed the effect of whey protein supplementation on resistance training performance and outcomes [6][7][8][9], only some of them have specifically focused on resistance training individuals [10,11,3,12]. Indeed, only a few studies were focused on recreationally or well strength-trained athletes, and have reported a positive effect of whey, administered alone or combined with other nutrients, to maximize strength [13,2], lean body mass (LBM) or fat free mass (FFM) gains [2,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Naclerio

Larumbe-Zabala

2015

Sports Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Even though the positive effects of whey protein-containing supplements for optimizing the anabolic responses and adaptations process in resistance-trained individuals have been supported by several investigations, their use continues to be controversial. Additionally, the administration of different multi-ingredient (MTN) formulations where whey proteins are combined with carbohydrates, other protein sources, creatine and amino acids or derivatives, have been extensively proposed as an effective strategy to maximize strength and muscle mass gains in athletes.Objective: We aimed to systematically summarize and quantify whether whey proteincontaining supplements, administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient, could improve the effects of resistance training on fat free mass or lean body mass, and strength in resistance trained individuals when compared to other iso-energetic supplements containing carbohydrates or other sources of proteins.Design: A structured literature search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Libraries, U.S. National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar databases. Main inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trial (RCT) study design, adults (18 years and over), resistance trained individuals, interventions (a resistance training program for a period of 6 weeks or longer, combined with whey protein supplementation administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient), and a calorie equivalent contrast supplement from carbohydrates or other non-whey protein sources. Continuous data on fat-free mass and lean body mass, and maximal strength were pooled using a random-effects model.Results: Data from 9 RCTs were included, involving 11 treatments and 192 participants. LimitationsStudies involving interventions of more than 6 weeks on resistance training individuals are scarce and account for small number of participants. Furthermore, no studies with intervention longer than 12 weeks have been found. The variation regarding the supplementation protocol, namely the different doses criteria or timing of ingestion also add some concerns to the studies comparison. ConclusionsWhey protein alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient appears to maximize lean body mass or fat free mass gain, as well as upper and lower body strength improvement with respect The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0403-y 4 to the ingestion of an iso-energetic equivalent carbohydrate or non-whey protein supplement in resistance training individuals. This enhancement effect seems to be more evident when whey proteins are consumed within a multi-ingredient containing creatine. Key Points1. Resistance training combined with supplements containing whey protein in trained individuals is associated with extra increases in fat-free mass or lean body mass and upper and lower body maximal strength when compared with contrast groups consuming the same amount of energy from carbohydrate or...

show abstract

“…The low pH conditions in the stomach cause casein to clot, forms clumps or curds and delay gastric emptying [37]. Different from whey protein that remain soluble in the stomach, and thus are emptied rapidly, casein is converted into a solid clot, and emptied more slowly from the stomach [38]. These differences in digestive properties are likely to contribute to the different patterns of AA concentrations that have been observed after ingestion of whey or casein protein [24,38].…”

Section: Milk Composition: Protein Sub-fractions Manufacturing and Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different from whey protein that remain soluble in the stomach, and thus are emptied rapidly, casein is converted into a solid clot, and emptied more slowly from the stomach [38]. These differences in digestive properties are likely to contribute to the different patterns of AA concentrations that have been observed after ingestion of whey or casein protein [24,38]. Therefore, casein has been termed as "slow", and whey has been termed as "fast" protein [39,40].…”

Section: Milk Composition: Protein Sub-fractions Manufacturing and Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplement in Resistance Trained Individuals

Naclerio

Alkhatib

Jiménez

2013

J Sports Med Doping Stud

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Athletes and recreationally resistance-trained individuals often use protein supplements in an attempt to maximize their training gains and performance. Because of the high bioavailability and solubility and its higher proportion of essential amino acids including Leucine, whey protein extract has been proposed as the best optimal form of protein for strength and power athletes. The objective of this review is to examine the current evidence for the efficacy of whey protein containing supplements to optimize strength training adaptation and outcomes for regular resistance training practitioners.A limited numbers of studies have reported positive effects of whey protein containing supplements (including those with carbohydrate and creatine) for optimizing the anabolic responses and adaptations process in resistancetrained individuals.In order to promote a more anabolic environment and maximize muscle protein synthesis along the day, an eating pattern behavior involving frequents meals (every 3 to 5 h) containing 17 to 20 g of high quality protein (200 to 250 mg/ kg) providing 8 to 10 g of EAA (90 to 110 mg/kg) and about 2 g of Leucine (20 to 25 mg/kg) have been recommended. Special attention should be given to the periworkout hours where the ingestion of whey proteins combined with carbohydrates, creatine monohydrate (0.1 g/kg/d) and other proteins sources such as casein before, during and after workout have been shown to improve training adaptations and enhance the recovery process. However, when considering that the training conditions (workout volume, organization, number of exercises) used in the available studies are substantially different than what athletes actually perform. Optimal whey protein supplementation protocols need to specifically be based on the regular resistance training workout organization and would probably need to consider other doses and timing strategies than what is currently recommended.

show abstract

Ingestion of Casein and Whey Proteins Result in Muscle Anabolism after Resistance Exercise

Abstract: Acute ingestion of both WH and CS after exercise resulted in similar increases in muscle protein net balance, resulting in net muscle protein synthesis despite different patterns of blood amino acid responses.

Cited by 287 publications

References 20 publications

Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplement in Resistance Trained Individuals

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About