Ingested Mutagens From Opium and Tobacco Pyrolysis Products and Cancer of the Œsophagus

Hewer, T F; Rose, Elizabeth F.; Ghadirian, Parviz; Castegnaro, M.; Malaveille, Christian; Bartsch, Helmut; Day, Nicholas E.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92218-3

Cited by 101 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Factors contributing to this decline may include improved socioeconomic status, more widespread access to piped water, and more fresh fruits and vegetable use due to greater availability of refrigerators. Also, the prevalence of opium use in our study was approximately half of that reported in the 1970s (Ghadirian et al, 1985), when sukhteh use was common (Hewer et al, 1978), but not reported by our subjects.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…Neither teriak nor shireh themselves were mutagenic in the Ames test (Hewer et al, 1978). However, either smoking or inhaling the smoke involves exposure to potential carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to which industrial exposure may cause cancers of the lung, bladder, and skin (Denissenko et al, 1996;Boffetta et al, 1997;Hecht, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, either smoking or inhaling the smoke involves exposure to potential carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to which industrial exposure may cause cancers of the lung, bladder, and skin (Denissenko et al, 1996;Boffetta et al, 1997;Hecht, 2003). Smoke condensates from opium and morphine cause mutations in Salmonella typhimurium (Hewer et al, 1978;Malaveille et al, 1982), sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes (Perry et al, 1983), and morphological transformations in cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells (Friesen et al, 1985), whereas crude opium itself is not a mutagen (Hewer et al, 1978;Malaveille et al, 1982). The mechanisms responsible for the carcinogenic effects of opium and shireh need investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The general questionnaire covered opium use, which in Golestan includes teriak (crude opium), shireh (a refined opium extract) (Hewer et al, 1978), sukhteh (opium dross left in pipes after smoking opium), and heroin. Teriak and shireh can be smoked or ingested, sukhteh is usually ingested, and heroin is usually injected.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran

et al. 2008

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The very high incidence of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Golestan Province in northeastern Iran was suggested by studies in the 1970s as partly due to opium use, which is not uncommon in this area, but based on limited numbers. From December 2003 to June 2007, we administered a validated structured questionnaire to 300 ESCC cases and 571 controls, matched on neighbourhood of residence, age (±2 years), and sex. We used conditional logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusted for potential confounders. Compared with those who used neither tobacco nor opium, risk of ESCC was increased in those who used tobacco only (OR, 95% CI: 1.70, 1.05 -2.73), in those who used opium only (2.12, 1.21 -3.74), and in those who used both tobacco and opium (2.35, 1.50 -3.67). All forms of tobacco use (cigarettes, hookah, and nass) were associated with higher ESCC risk. Similarly, use of both crude opium and other forms of opium were associated with higher risk. Alcohol consumption was seen in only 2% of the cases and 2% of the controls, and was not associated with ESCC risk.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran

et al. 2008

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“…The results of this study are thus consistent with a role for opium addiction. In this respect, the mutagenic activity of both crude opium and opium residues as shown by the Ames test is of considerable significance (Hewer et al, 1978, submitted for publication).…”

Section: Results Of Repeat Interviewingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: Results of a case-control study

Cook-Mozaffari¹,

Azordegan²,

Day³

et al. 1979

Br J Cancer

209

116

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Summary.-The results are presented of a case-control study conducted in the north of Iran. The main aim was to study factors identified in a previous study as potentially causally related to cancer of the oesophagus. Other tumours (lung, stomach, breast, large bowel, larynx and pharynx) were included to distinguish findings specific for oesophageal cancer from general characteristics of cancer patients, due for example to ascertainment bias, and to verify that expected associations, such as between lung cancer and cigarette smoking, would emerge under the prevailing field conditions. Two controls were chosen per case, matched for village of residence, age, sex and language group. Reinterviewing was performed to a limited extent to assess the accuracy of replies to questionnaires. The following were found not to be associated with oesophageal cancer: consumption of sheep's milk and yoghurt, sesame oil, chewing of nass, making of carpets, use of pregnancy diets, salting and sun-drying of meat and use of wild spinach. The use of opium, bread and tea could not be assessed in the retrospective framework. Strongly associated with risk of oesophageal cancer were low socio-economic status and low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables. The two factors each had an independent effect, and were more marked for oesophageal cancer than for the other tumours.

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Familial history of esophageal cancer

Ghadirian

1985

Cancer

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CancerSeveral studies from different regions of the world reflect a positive family history of esophageal cancer among patients with the same disease. The all age-standardized rates for the Turkoman of northern Gonbad district in the Caspian Littoral of Iran is as high as 160-180, and truncated rates reach 300-400 per 1OO,OOO, the highest incidence rates in the world. A total of 602 esophageal cancer patients (427 Turkoman and 175 non-Turkoman) from this high-risk region were interviewed for a family history of cancer, particularly cancer of the esophagus. Family members were identified as being related by blood or marriage, and the Occurrence of esophageal cancer was compared between these two groups. The expected number of cases among blood affines to relatives by marriage has been determined by a formula which takes into consideration several social and ethnic factors; specifically, average family size, the proportion of first cousin marriages and the likelihood of aunts and uncles by marriage also being related by blood. One hundred ninety-nine (47%) of the Turkoman patients in the high-risk area reported a positive family history of esophageal cancer, ranging from 1 to 7 cases in a given family, and involving a total of 299 individuals suffering from the disease of which 244 (82%) were related by blood and only 55 (18%) by marriage. The overall ratio of blood to marriage relatives was 4.4. Forty-six Turkoman patients also indicated that a total of 62 relatives suffered from another cancer, of which 54 (87%) were related by marriage as opposed to only 8 (13%) who were blood fines. Among non-Turkoman (low-risk population) esophageal cancer patients, only 4 (2%) had a total of 5 relatives with the same disease, of whom 2 were by blood and the remaining 3 by marriage. The ratio of blood relatives to relatives by marriage for this group is 0.6, whereas the corresponding figure among the Turkoman population is 4.4. It is evident that there is a familial history of esophageal cancer among this high-risk, ethnic population in the Caspian Littoral.Cancer W2112-2116, 1985.TUDIES FROM SEVERAL AREAS of the world indicate

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Ingested Mutagens From Opium and Tobacco Pyrolysis Products and Cancer of the Œsophagus

Cited by 101 publications

References 9 publications

Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran

Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran

Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: Results of a case-control study

Familial history of esophageal cancer

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