Ingestão excessiva de fitoestrógenos e telarca precoce: relato de caso com possível correlação

Alicea

2012

AHMT

Phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols are estrogen-disrupting chemicals that have a pronounced effect at puberty. They are exogenous chemicals that are either plant-derived or man-made, and can alter the functions of the endocrine system and cause various health defects by interfering with the synthesis, metabolism, binding, or cellular responses of natural estrogens. Phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols are some of the potent estrogens detectable in urine. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived xenestrogens found in a wide variety of food products, like soy-based food, beverages, several fruits, and vegetables. Exposure to phytoestrogens can delay breast development and further lead to precocious puberty. The effect of phytoestrogens is mediated through estrogen receptors α and β or by binding with early immediate genes, such as jun and fos. Phthalates are multifunctional synthetic chemicals used in plastics, polyvinyl chloride products, cosmetics, hair spray, and children’s toys. Phthalates have been shown to cause defeminization, thelarche, precocious puberty, and an increase in breast and pubic hair in pubertal girls. However, reports are also available that show no association of phthalates with precocious puberty in girls. Phthalates can act through a receptor-mediated signaling pathway or affect the production of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone that has a direct effect on estrogen formation. Phenols like bisphenol A are industrial chemicals used mainly in the manufacture of polycarbonates and plastic materials. Bisphenol A has been shown to cause precocious puberty and earlier menarche in pubertal girls. Reports suggest that the neurotoxic effect of bisphenol A can be mediated either by competing with estradiol for binding with estrogen receptors or via the ERK/NK-kappa or ERRγ pathway. This review demonstrates the effects of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols on the development of girls during puberty.

Section: Phytoestrogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phytoestrogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, phenols, and pubertal stages in girls

Alicea

2012

AHMT

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

“…Over the past century, the average age of menarche has diminished in all the socioeconomic and ethnic groups, from 16 or 17 years to less than 13. Regarding telarche, there is even stronger evidence that its onset is also occurring earlier (13). Besides the possibility of psychological disturbances, precocious puberty is associated with a greater prevalence of various co-morbidities, among of which are: insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, breast and reproductive system cancers (14).…”

Section: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consumption of soy milk formulas, due to the presence of phytoestrogens, has been associated with precocious telarche (13). Some EDCs, such as DES, polybrominated biphenyls, DDT, DDE, and phthalates have also been associated with increased prevalence of precocious puberty in humans.…”

Section: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of endocrine disruptors in the development of the female reproductive tract

Costa

Spritzer

Hohl

et al. 2014

Environmental agencies have identified a growing number of environmental contaminants that have endocrine disrupting activity, and these can become a major public health problem. It is suggested that endocrine disruptors could account for the higher-than-expected increase in the prevalence of some non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, thyroid diseases, and some cancers. Several endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), such as pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, dioxins, and phytoestrogens, can interact with the female reproductive system and lead to endocrine disruption. Initially, it was assumed that EDCs exert their effects by binding to hormone receptors and transcription factors, but it is currently known that they may also alter the expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis or catabolism of steroids. Biomonitoring studies have identified these compounds in adults, children, pregnant women, and fetuses. Among the diseases of the female reproductive tract associated with EDCs exposure are the following: precocious puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome, and premature ovarian failure. The different populations of the world are exposed to a great number of chemicals through different routes of infection; despite the various available studies, there is still much doubt regarding the additive effect of a mixture of EDCs with similar mechanisms of action.

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

“…Em seres humanos, exposição aos IEs tem sido associada a oligospermia, alterações na esteroidogênese, criptorquidismo, hipospadia, endometriose, puberdade precoce, aborto, infertilidade, distúrbios de comportamento e doenças autoimunes (54)(55)(56)(57)(58). Exposição aos xenoestrógenos na vida intrauterina, durante a infância ou adolescência, tem sido relacionada com o aumento dos casos de câncer de mama, puberdade precoce ou acelerada (59).…”

Section: Nosso Futuro Roubado?unclassified

Contaminantes ambientais e os interferentes endócrinos

Fontenele

Martins

Quidute

et al. 2010

SumárioA toxicidade de diversos poluentes ambientais em seres humanos e demais espécies tem sido habitualmente investigada quanto aos seus efeitos teratogênicos e cancerígenos. Nas últimas décadas, muitos contaminantes têm demonstrado efeitos adversos sobre o sistema endócrino. Atualmente, cerca de onze milhões de substâncias químicas são conhecidas em todo mundo, sendo três mil delas produzidas em larga escala. Numerosos compostos químicos de uso doméstico, industrial e agrícola possuem comprovada atividade hormonal. Entre os produtos químicos com atividade estrogênica, destacam-se hormônios presentes em cosméticos, anabolizantes utilizados em rações animais, fitoestrógenos e poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs). Esses agentes que estão presentes nos efluentes industriais, residenciais e das estações de tratamento de água e esgoto representam uma importante fonte de contaminação ambiental. O Programa Internacional de Segurança Química (International Programme on Chemical Safety − IPCS) define como interferente endócrino substâncias ou misturas presentes no ambiente capazes de interferir nas funções do sistema endócrino, causando efeitos adversos em um organismo intacto ou na sua prole. No presente artigo, os autores apresentam uma revisão da literatura atual sobre o papel desses elementos nas doenças endócrinas e metabólicas, os prováveis mecanismos de ação envolvidos, discutindo-se perspectivas futuras em termos de investigação e estratégias para prevenção e redução dos seus possíveis danos. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2010;54(1):6-16 Descritores Interferente endócrino; doenças endócrinas; mecanismo de ação; contaminantes ambientais; revisão SummaryThe toxicity of various pollutants has been routinely investigated according to their teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. In the last few decades, however, many of such pollutants have been shown to adversely affect the endocrine system of human beings and other species. Currently, more than eleven million chemical substances are known in the world, and approximately 3,000 are produced on a large scale. Numerous chemical composites of domestic, industrial and agricultural use have been shown to influence hormonal activity. Examples of such chemical products with estrogenic activity are substances used in cosmetics, anabolizing substances for animal feeding, phytoestrogens and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These agents are seen in residential, industrial and urban sewerage system effluents and represent an important source of environmental contamination. The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) defines as endocrine disruptors substances or mixtures seen in the environment capable of interfering with endocrine system functions resulting in adverse effects in an intact organism or its offspring. In this article the authors present a current literature review about the role of these pollutants in endocrine and metabolic diseases, probable mechanisms of action, and suggest paths of investigation and possible strategies for prevention and reductio...