Infusion, decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves from artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus ) are effective scavengers of physiologically relevant ROS and RNS

Leaf parts from Greek artichoke genotypes as a good source of bioactive compounds and antioxidants

“…38 In contrast with leaf blades where flavonoid content was higher than phenolic acids in most of the genotypes (except for genotype SLB4), in petioles and midribs phenolic acids were the most abundant phenolic group in all the genotypes (64-76% of TPC), except for genotype SPM6 where flavonoids prevailed over the phenolic acids (65% of TPC) ( Reports regarding the phenolic compound composition of leaves show contradictory results. In particular, similarly to our study, Pandino et al 36 have detected significantly higher flavonoid content than phenolic acids in the leaves of clones of two Sicilian artichoke varieties, whereas Pistón et al, 11 Sihem et al, 40 and Pereira et al 34 have reported a higher content of phenolic acids than flavonoids in leaf extracts and dietary supplements, respectively. However, even in the study by Pandino et al, 36 significant variation between the studied clones was observed, a finding that is similar to the results of the present study.…”

“…However, according to Kollia et al, 8 the extraction method also has a significant impact on the antioxidant properties of artichoke leaf extracts, while the contribution of total phenolics content to antioxidant properties depends on the tested assay. Similar findings have been reported by Coinu et al, 7 Pistón et al, 11 and Vamanu et al, 41 who suggested that antioxidant potency depends on the extraction method and solvents and is not related to total phenolics or individual phenolic subclass content.…”

“…Compounds with peak numbers 2-8, 10, 11 and 13 have been previously reported in the literature in different artichoke samples. 3,5,11,33,35,36 Compounds with peak numbers 1 and 9 were identified as the cis form of hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, since these would be expected to elute before the corresponding trans ones, as observed after UV irradiation (366 nm, 24 h), of hydroxycinnamic acids in our laboratory. 37 cis and trans isomers of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (compounds with peak numbers 1 and 2) and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (compound with peak numbers 9 and 10), as all the hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives identified, were distinguished and identified by typical fragmentation patterns as described by Clifford et al 28,29 To the best of our knowledge, compound with peak number 12 is reported for the first time in artichoke leaves and is tentatively identified as succinoyl-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, taking into account the fragmentation pattern reported by Jaiswal and Kuhnert.…”

“…[12][13][14][15][16] In particular, according to Lombardo et al, 17 total phenolic content and phenolic compound composition differed significantly among seventeen Italian globe artichoke cultivars, while they also observed significant differences among the studied plant parts (receptacle, floral stem, inner and outer bracts). The main phenolic compounds reported for artichoke heads so far include mainly caffeoylquinic acids, such as chlorogenic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and cynarin, 11,18 as well as apigenin and luteolin derivatives, such as apigenin-7-O-glucuronide [19][20][21][22] and flavone glycosides. Bearing in mind the great genetic diversity in artichoke germplasm throughout the Mediterranean, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of leaf parts (blades and midribs) of various artichoke landraces and cultivars that are mainly cultivated in Greece.…”

The seed of the Amazonian fruit Couepia bracteosa exhibits higher scavenging capacity against ROS and RNS than its shell and pulp extracts

“…3a) with an IC 50 of 11.5 µg mL −1 , while the pulp and shell extracts showed no activity against this ROS, at the highest tested concentration (1000 µg mL −1 ). 29 Once formed, O 2 •− can be physiologically dismutated to H 2 O 2 by the action of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, or spontaneously under acid conditions. O 2 •− production plays an important role in cellular signalling and in the development of pathophysiological conditions, such as hypertension, ischemia-reperfusion, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.…”