Infrared limb emission measurements of aerosol in the troposphere and stratosphere

Grießbach, Sabine; Hoffmann, Lars; Spang, Reinhold; Hobe, Marc von; Müller, Rolf; Riese, Martin

doi:10.5194/amt-9-4399-2016

Cited by 37 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…Our findings using the MPTRAC model and MIPAS ACI are supported by the sulfate aerosol volume density retrievals by Günther et al (2018). The aerosol enhancement due to volcanic eruptions between 12 and 18 km revealed in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The most recent large eruption with a volcanic explosivity index of 4 occurred between 26 October and 7 November 2010 (Pallister et al, 2013), with SO 2 emission rates being a few orders of magnitude higher than previous eruptions. Following the Merapi eruption in 2010, evidence of poleward transport of sulfate aerosol towards the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes was found in time series of aerosol measurements by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MI-PAS) (Günther et al, 2018) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) (Khaykin et al, 2017;Friberg et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then we applied the ice cloud filter and the volcanic ash and mineral dust filter to the cloudy part and removed all ice or ash detections. This ACI-based ice and ash cloud filter have been successfully used in studies of volcanic sulfate aerosol, e.g., Wu et al (2017) and Günther et al (2018). However, since the ice and ash cloud filters are not sensitive to non-ice PSCs, the resulting aerosol retrieval results still contain non-ice PSCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-range transport of volcanic aerosol from the 2010 Merapi tropical eruption to Antarctica

Grießbach²,

Hoffmann³

2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Volcanic sulfate aerosol is an important source of sulfur for Antarctica, where other local sources of sulfur are rare. Midlatitude and high-latitude volcanic eruptions can directly influence the aerosol budget of the polar stratosphere. However, tropical eruptions can also enhance polar aerosol load following long-range transport. In the present work, we analyze the volcanic plume of a tropical eruption, Mount Merapi in 2010, and investigate the transport pathway of the volcanic aerosol from the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the lower stratosphere over Antarctica. We use the Lagrangian particle dispersion model Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) SO 2 measurements to reconstruct the altitude-resolved SO 2 injection time series during the explosive eruption period and simulate the transport of the volcanic plume using the MPTRAC model. AIRS SO 2 and aerosol measurements, the aerosol cloud index values provided by Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), are used to verify and complement the simulations. The Lagrangian transport simulation of the volcanic plume is compared with MIPAS aerosol measurements and shows good agreement. Both the simulations and the observations presented in this study suggest that volcanic plumes from the Merapi eruption were transported to the south of 60 • S 1 month after the eruption and even further to Antarctica in the following months. This relatively fast meridional transport of volcanic aerosol was mainly driven by quasi-horizontal mixing from the TTL to the extratropical lower stratosphere, and most of the quasi-horizontal mixing occurred between the isentropic surfaces of 360 to 430 K. When the plume went to Southern Hemisphere high lati-tudes, the polar vortex was displaced from the South Pole, so that the volcanic plume was carried to the South Pole without penetrating the polar vortex. Although only 4 % of the sulfur injected by the Merapi eruption was transported into the lower stratosphere south of 60 • S, the Merapi eruption contributed up to 8800 t of sulfur to the Antarctic lower stratosphere. This indicates that the long-range transport under favorable meteorological conditions enables a moderate tropical volcanic eruption to be an important remote source of sulfur for the Antarctic stratosphere.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-range transport of volcanic aerosol from the 2010 Merapi tropical eruption to Antarctica

Grießbach²,

Hoffmann³

2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…In this study, we use MIPAS altitude-resolved aerosol data retrieved by Griessbach et al (2016) to compare with model results and analyze the transport of volcanic plume. In the first step, the aerosol cloud index (ACI) is defined to identify cloud or aerosol contaminated spectra.…”

Section: Mipasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equatorward dispersion of a high-latitude volcanic plume and its relation to the Asian summer monsoon: a case study of the Sarychev eruption in 2009

Grießbach²,

Hoffmann³

2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Tropical volcanic eruptions have been widely studied for their significant contribution to stratospheric aerosol loading and global climate impacts, but the impact of high-latitude volcanic eruptions on the stratospheric aerosol layer is not clear and the pathway of transporting aerosol from high latitudes to the tropical stratosphere is not well understood. In this work, we focus on the high-latitude volcano Sarychev (48.1 • N, 153.2 • E), which erupted in June 2009, and the influence of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) on the equatorward dispersion of the volcanic plume. First, the sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emission time series and plume height of the Sarychev eruption are estimated with SO 2 observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and a backward trajectory approach using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC). Then, the transport and dispersion of the plume are simulated using the derived SO 2 emission time series. The transport simulations are compared with SO 2 observations from AIRS and validated with aerosol observations from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). The MPTRAC simulations show that about 4 % of the sulfur emissions were transported to the tropical stratosphere within 50 days after the beginning of the eruption, and the plume dispersed towards the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) through isentropic transport above the subtropical jet. The MPTRAC simulations and MIPAS aerosol data both show that between the potential temperature levels of 360 and 400 K, the equatorward transport was primarily driven by anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking enhanced by the ASM in boreal summer. The volcanic plume was entrained along the anticyclone flows and reached the TTL as it was transported southwestwards into the deep tropics downstream of the anticyclone. Further, the ASM anticyclone influenced the pathway of aerosols by isolating an "aerosol hole" inside of the ASM, which was surrounded by aerosol-rich air outside. This transport barrier was best indicated using the potential vorticity gradient approach. Long-term MIPAS aerosol detections show that after entering the TTL, aerosol from the Sarychev eruption remained in the tropical stratosphere for about 10 months and ascended slowly. The ascent speed agreed well with the ascent speed of the water vapor tape recorder. Furthermore, a hypothetical MPTRAC simulation for a wintertime eruption was carried out. It is shown that under winter atmospheric circulations, the equatorward transport of the plume would be suppressed by the strong subtropical jet and weak wave breaking events. In this hypothetical scenario, a high-latitude volcanic eruption would not be able to contribute to the tropical stratospheric aerosol layer.

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“…MIPAS is a limb emission sounder measuring the atmospheric emission at tangent altitudes from about 6 to 70 km in nominal measurement mode. These measurements allow to 15 retrieve vertical and horizontal (along-track) distributions of temperature and more than 20 trace gases (e.g., Raspollini et al, 2015Raspollini et al, , 2013Wiegele et al, 2012;Funke et al, 2009;von Clarmann et al, 2009), including some isotopologues (e.g., Jonkheid et al, 2016;Steinwagner et al, 2007), aerosols (e.g., Günther et al, 2018;Griessbach et al, 2016) and clouds (e.g., Spang et al, 2018;García-Comas et al, 2016). Some species like bromine nitrate, ammonia or sulfur dioxide have been derived for the first time in the upper troposphere and stratosphere (Höpfner et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level 1b error budget for MIPAS on ENVISAT

Kleinert¹,

Birk²,

Perron³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) is a Fourier Transform Spectrometermeasuring the radiance emitted from the atmosphere in limb geometry in the thermal infrared spectral region. It was operated on-board the ENVISAT satellite from 2002 to 2012. Calibrated and geolocated spectra, the so-called level 1b data, are the basis for the retrieval of atmospheric parameters. In this paper we present the error budget for the level 1b data of the most recent data version 8 in terms of radiometric, spectral and line of sight accuracy. The major changes of version 8 compared to older 5 versions are also described. The impact of the different error sources on the spectra is characterized in terms of spectral, vertical and temporal correlation, because these correlations have an impact on the quality of the retrieved quantities. The radiometric error is in the order of 1 to 2.4 %, the spectral accuracy is better than 0.3 ppm, and the line of sight accuracy at the tangent point is around 400 m. All errors are well within the requirements and the achieved accuracy allows to retrieve atmospheric parameters from the measurements with high quality.

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Infrared limb emission measurements of aerosol in the troposphere and stratosphere

Cited by 37 publications

References 99 publications

Long-range transport of volcanic aerosol from the 2010 Merapi tropical eruption to Antarctica

Long-range transport of volcanic aerosol from the 2010 Merapi tropical eruption to Antarctica

Equatorward dispersion of a high-latitude volcanic plume and its relation to the Asian summer monsoon: a case study of the Sarychev eruption in 2009

Level 1b error budget for MIPAS on ENVISAT

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