Infrared andRaman Spectroscopy of Liquid Crystals

Analysis of Si, Cu, and Their Oxides by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

“…Especially, the unique Cu L 3 M 4,5 M 4,5 spectrum of the pure Cu(0) sample significantly differentiated Cu(0) from the two oxides. Fitting the Cu L 3 M 4,5 M 4,5 spectrum of Cu(0) into four Voigt profiles with R 2 = 0.995 (Figure B), the two peaks of lower E b , i.e., the 3 F and 1 G peaks (see Box for details about spectroscopic notation , ), were recognized as the L 3 M 4,5 M 4,5 transition with normal Auger contributions: , the emission of one electron from the Cu 2p 3/2 (L 3 ) orbital followed by the falling of one electron from the 3d (M 4 or M 5 ) orbital to the 2p 3/2 (L 3 ) vacancy and accompanied by the emission of an extra Auger electron from the 3d (M 4 or M 5 ) orbital led to a final electron configuration of 3d 8 (Figure C).…”

“…The Auger effect is a representative final state effect that involves the structure rearrangements of inner shell electrons. When X-ray illumination leads to an inner shell electron emission in an atom and generates a vacancy on the original inner orbital, an outer shell electron of a higher energy level tends to fall into the inner shell vacancy, and the released energy during this fall is transferred to another outer shell electron, leading to the emission of a second electron, i.e., the Auger electron. , LMM , (see Box for details about spectroscopic notation , ) transitions, which are very helpful for analyzing the valence of an element (especially transition metals) in unknown materials, are typical photoemission processes involving the Auger effect.…”