Infrared and optical frequency standards

Chebotayev, V. P.

doi:10.1029/rs014i004p00573

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The accuracies to which optical atomic frequencies have been determined relative to primary Cs frequency standards are illustrated in figure 2 [18][19][20][21][22][23]. For the plot we have arbitrarily chosen the starting date as 1972, the year when the 3.39 µm methane-stabilized HeNe laser was first measured, but, in fact, there were a few measurements of far-infrared and CO 2 laser frequency references prior to that date.…”

Section: Cs Microwavementioning

confidence: 99%

Optical frequency/wavelength references

Hollberg¹,

Oates²,

Wilpers³

et al. 2005

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

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For more than 100 years, optical atomic/molecular frequency references have played important roles in science and technology, and provide standards enabling precision measurements. Frequency-stable optical sources have been central to experimental tests of Einstein's relativity, and also serve to realize our base unit of length. The technology has evolved from atomic discharge lamps and interferometry, to narrow atomic resonances in laser-cooled atoms that are probed by frequency-stabilized cw lasers that in turn control optical frequency synthesizers (combs) based on ultra-fast mode-locked lasers. Recent technological advances have improved the performance of optical frequency references by almost four orders of magnitude in the last eight years. This has stimulated new enthusiasm for the development of optical atomic clocks, and allows new probes into nature, such as searches for time variation of fundamental constants and precision spectroscopy.

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Section: Cs Microwavementioning

confidence: 99%

Optical frequency/wavelength references

Hollberg¹,

Oates²,

Wilpers³

et al. 2005

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

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“…Other papers in this special issue will review the characterization and measurement of frequency stability [Lesage and Audoin, 1979], microwave standards [Hellwig, 1979], and laser standards [Chebotayev, 1979]. For this reason we shah only explain the characteristics of a few laser and microwave generators that will be mentioned later.…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many modern lasers used in metrology and spectroscopy are characterized by their high spectral purity, long-term stability, and reproducibility [Chebotayev, 1979]. For these reasons, lasers are progressively becoming competitive as frequency standards in the far infrared (FIR), infrared (IR), and visible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave to visible frequency synthesis

Jiménez¹

1979

Radio Science

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The helium‐neon methane‐stabilized laser frequency at 88 THz (3.39 μm) and higher frequencies (148 and 197 THz, frequencies of the Xe (2.03 μm) and Ne (1.52 μm) lasers) have been measured by comparison with the cesium frequency standard using a microwave to visible frequency synthesis chain. This paper will report on the techniques of laser frequency measurements, the nonlinear devices used for these measurements, and the different methods for laser frequency synthesis with emphasis on microwave and laser generators. The extension of laser frequency measurements to the visible will also be discussed.

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“…It is also important to note that it is impossible for all the details of this field to be captured here. To wit, there are many references giving time lines [5]- [14] and overviews [6], [15]- [21] of the evolution of frequency metrology, which themselves lead to a vast and dense network through the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Invar is also known generically as 64FeNi in the US, FeNi36 elsewhere, and is a nickel-iron alloy with a uniquely low coefficient of thermal expansion5 Zerodur is a registered trademark of Schott Glass Technologies, Inc., Duryea, Penn. ; the material is a lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical frequency stabilization and optical phase locked loops: Golden threads of precision measurement

Taubman

2013

2013 American Control Conference

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Stabilization of lasers through locking to optical cavities, and the transitions of atoms and molecules has revolutionized the field of precision optical measurement since shortly after the invention of the laser. Phase locking of one laser to another, formed the basis for linking stable lasers across the optical spectrum, the resulting frequency chains exhibiting progressively finer precision through the years. Phase locking between the modes within a femtosecond pulsed laser has yielded the optical frequency comb, one of the most elegant and useful instruments of our time. This tutorial paper gives an overview of these topics, from early work through to the latest 1E-17 fractional uncertainty attained for an optical clock, and the ongoing quest for ever finer precision and accuracy.

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Infrared and optical frequency standards

Cited by 8 publications

References 10 publications

Optical frequency/wavelength references

Optical frequency/wavelength references

Microwave to visible frequency synthesis

Optical frequency stabilization and optical phase locked loops: Golden threads of precision measurement

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