Infrared and Microwave Effects on Skin Heating and Temperature Sensation

Hendler, E.; Hardy, James D.

doi:10.1109/iret-me.1960.5008037

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The temperature increases usually concentrated on superficial tissues, and decreased drastically beneath the skin. This was demonstrated by previous studies [Hendler and Hardy, ], and also by simulations carried out in this work (Fig. ).…”

Section: Thermal Properties Of the Tissues/materials Involved In The supporting

confidence: 90%

Numerical analysis for human perception of temperature rise on the fingertips during usage of a mobile device

Kang

et al. 2017

Bioelectromagnetics

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Section: Thermal Properties Of the Tissues/materials Involved In The supporting

confidence: 90%

Numerical analysis for human perception of temperature rise on the fingertips during usage of a mobile device

Kang

et al. 2017

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…Absolute thresholds for the detection of RF irradiation by human observers were determined in several archival studies [Vendrik and Vos, 1958;Hendler and Hardy, 1960;Eijkman and Vendrik, 1961;Hendler et al, 1963;Schwan et al, 1966;Hendler, 1968]. All involved brief exposures (10 s or less) and restricted areas of forehead or forearm skin.…”

Section: Thresholdsöarchival Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption

Adair¹,

Black²

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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This white paper combines a tutorial on the fundamentals of thermoregulation with a review of the current literature concerned with physiological thermoregulatory responses of humans and laboratory animals in the presence of radio frequency (RF) and microwave fields. The ultimate goal of research involving whole body RF exposure of intact organisms is the prediction of effects of such exposure on human beings. Most of the published research on physiological thermoregulation has been conducted on laboratory animals, with a heavy emphasis on laboratory rodents. Because their physiological heat loss mechanisms are limited, these small animals are very poor models for human beings. Basic information about the thermoregulatory capabilities of animal models relative to human capability is essential for the appropriate evaluation and extrapolation of animal data to humans. In general, reliance on data collected on humans and nonhuman primates, however fragmentary, yields a more accurate understanding of how RF fields interact with humans. Such data are featured in this review, including data from both clinic and laboratory. Featured topics include thermal sensation, human RF overexposures, exposures attending magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), predictions based on simulation models, and laboratory studies of human volunteers. Supporting data from animal studies include the thermoregulatory profile, response thresholds, physiological responses of heat production and heat loss, intense or prolonged exposure, RF effects on early development, circadian variation, and additive drug-microwave interactions. The conclusion is inescapable that humans demonstrate far superior thermoregulatory ability over other tested organisms during RF exposure at, or even above current human exposure guidelines. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S17-S38, 2003.

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“…Threshold warm sensations have been reported when the rate of increase of skin temperature was only 0.003 0C/sec for a 3 sec exposure (Hardy & Oppel, 1937;Hendler & Hardy, 1960). Cool threshold sensations (produced by exposure to a block of dry ice) occurred when the rate of skin cooling was approximately O.004oC/ sec for a 1 sec exposure (Hardy & Oppel, 1938).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Warm and cool thresholds as a function of rate of stimulus temperature change

Kenshalo

Holmes

Wood

1968

Perception & Psychophysics

141

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The variables which are said to affect human temperature sensitivity are the skin temperature, the area of thermal stimulation and the rate at which the temperature of the skin is changed. Of these, the last has been only partially described Hensel (1950) has listed three variables of thermal stimulation which affect the sensitivity of human subjects to warm and cool stimuli. These are the temperature to which the skin has been adapted. the area of skin over which the thermal energy is applied. and the rate at which the temperature of the skin is changed. The first variable. adapted skin temperature, resulted in a large warm and small cool thresholds when the skin had been adapted to low temperatures (29 0C and lower). When the skin had been adapted to high temperatures (37 0C and higher) the warm thresholds were small but the cool thresholds were large (Hensel, 1950;Kenshalo, Nafe. & Brooks. 1961).The second variable, area of stimulation, is inversely related to the intensity of thermal stimulation required to produce threshold warm (Hardy & Oppel, 1937; Kenshalo, Decker, & Hamilton, 1967) and cool (Hardy & Oppel, 1938) sensations.The third variable of human temperature sensitivity, the rate at which the temperature of the skin is changed, is the subject of this investigation. It has received relatively little attention. The facts that are available appear contradictory. When conducted thermal energy was applied to an area of 20 cm 2 on the volar surface of the forearm, Hensel (1950) found that he could change the skin temperature from 29 0C to 36 0C at rates of 0.007 0C/sec or less without producing a thermal sensation. When the rate of temperature change was systematically varied, and starting from normal skin temperature (about 33.5°C). he found that the warm threshold remained relatively constant at rates of warming of O.015 0C/sec and higher. When slower rates of warming were used the warm threshold increased markedly. It is difficult to determine from his data what happened to the cool threshold when various rates of cooling were used, except that at slow rates of cooling. the cool threshold seemed to increase.Non-penetrating radiant energy seems to produce threshold warm sensations at far smaller rates of skin temperature change than those required by conducted thermal energy. Threshold warm sensations have been reported when the rate of increase of skin temperature was only 0.003 0C/sec for a 3 sec exposure (Hardy & Oppel, 1937;Hendler & Hardy, 1960). Cool threshold sensations (produced by exposure to a block of dry ice) occurred when the rate of skin cooling was approximately O.004oC/ sec for a 1 sec exposure (Hardy & Oppel, 1938). For both warm and cool stimulation the area of exposure was larger than 200 cm 2• When smaller areas were exposed, the rate of skin temperature change required to produce a threshold sensation increased. When the area exposed was limited to 23.8 cm 2 of the forehead. the rate of skin temperature change required to produce a threshold warm sensation was +0.017 0C/sec for 3 ...

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Infrared and Microwave Effects on Skin Heating and Temperature Sensation

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Numerical analysis for human perception of temperature rise on the fingertips during usage of a mobile device

Numerical analysis for human perception of temperature rise on the fingertips during usage of a mobile device

Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption

Warm and cool thresholds as a function of rate of stimulus temperature change

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