The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on sexual assault victims' postassault help-seeking experiences with the medical and mental health systems (see Chapter 7, this volume, regarding victims' experiences with the legal system). It is beyond the scope of this chapter to delve into the literatures on secondary or tertiary mental health intervention research. By way of introduction, we begin by defining the key terms used in this chapter. Consistent with the definitions put forth by Koss and Achilles (2008), rape refers to an unwanted act of oral, vaginal, or anal penetration committed through the use of force, threat of force, or when incapacitated; sexual assault refers to a broader range of contact and noncontact sexual offenses, up to and including rape. The focus of this review is sexual assault, but it is important to note that many studies on community services sampled only rape survivors, thereby underrepresenting the experiences of victims of nonpenetration sexual assault. The terms victim and survivor are used interchangeably in this chapter. The term survivor conveys the strength of those who have been raped; the term victim reflects the criminal nature of this act. Medical services refers to acute care for sexual assault victims, typically obtained within 72 to 96 hours postassault. Although survivors may seek medical care weeks, months, or even years after the assault, there is scant empirical research on later medical care to be included