Information Warfare as the Hobbesian Concept of Modern Times — The Principles, Techniques, and Tools of Russian Information Operations in the Donbass

Kremlin Information Campaign in the Baltic States During the Covid-19 Pandemic Escalation of Spring 2020

“…Karlsen (2019) analyses intelligence reports from various countries and argues that Russia has three primary strategic goals: ensuring the power and security of the Putin administration in the country; maintaining influence in the "near abroad" (former USSR countries except three Baltic states); and securing the status of a great power internationally. Russia's influence operations outside the post-Soviet space disseminate strategic narratives that amplify or shape perceptions of the world and political preferences in line with the Kremlin's foreign policy goals (Mölder, Sazonov, 2018;van Herpen, 2016). The Kremlin's strategic narratives are often targeted at various alternative and anti-establishment groups, which may represent both the right and left side of the political spectrum, e.g., Eurosceptics, anti-US, anti-immigration and anti-globalization movements.…”

Cuerpos Irregulares Multinacionales: Multi identidades armadas y neo partisanos en la globalización

“…Especialmente a partir de los años 70, pero con mucho mayor énfasis luego del n de la Guerra Fría y el inicio del paradigma de la Globalización, el debate académico y conceptual de las relaciones internacionales, ciencias militares, la geopolítica, los estudios estratégicos, de seguridad y defensa han visto aparecer varios conceptos y herramientas analíticas muy poderosas que intentan explicar y describir la naturaleza bélica de este siglo que empieza. Guerra Hibrida (García Guindo et al, 2015), Guerra No-lineal, Guerra Informativa (Mölder y Sazonov, 2018), Guerras de Cuarta y Quinta Generación (Álvarez et al, 2017, pp. 169-247), entre otros, son conceptos y planteamientos teóricos que han tenido su manifestación práctica en los conictos sirio y ucraniano, y evidentemente podemos señalar que la guerra en Siria y en el Donbass presentan una complejidad impresionante en términos de actores participantes, estrategias y tácticas empleadas; incluso, y a pesar de la denominación que reciben, estas guerras no están realmente delimitadas geográcamente y su conictividad se extiende de diversas maneras por otras zonas geográcas del mundo y el ciberespacio (Ucko y Marks, 2018).…”

The Kremlin’s Information Influence Campaigns in Estonia and Estonian Response in the Context of Russian-Western Relations

“…Russian military activity on the Ukrainian border and tensions with the West have escalated confrontation between Russia and the West. The main conflicts that Russia has a stake in, such as the one in Donbas (Sazonov et al, 2016;Westerlund & Norberg, 2016;Mölder & Sazonov, 2018), are either confined close to Russia's border or remain relatively uncontested as in Syria, Libya, etc. At the same time, the Russian Federation uses a number of instruments to exert pressure on the West using non-conventional means.…”

“…158−159). For that reason, Moscow considers the characteristics of each state and nation being targeted with information warfare (Mölder & Sazonov, 2018). More generally, the main aim of the Kremlin's information campaigns in Estonia and the West is to spread fear and mistrust and to create instability and political, economic, and ideological tension.…”