Information Theory, Memory, Prediction, and Timing in Associative Learning

Wilkes, Jason T.; Gallistel, C. R.

doi:10.1002/9781119159193.ch35

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Later findings suggest that PCs do not simply receive timing input from upstream neural circuits, but rather, that the timing of anticipatory responses by the cerebellum is intrinsic to PCs controlling the duration of pauses in firing activity (Johansson et al, 2016(Johansson et al, , 2018. Overall, these observations support the hypothesis that an intrinsic memory process in PCs encodes the details necessary for the temporal control of eyeblink conditioning in a manner that is co-occurring with and independent of the neural mechanisms typically thought to support associative learning (e.g., LTP and LTD-see Wilkes and Gallistel, 2017 for a discussion of information theory and the role of interval timing in associative learning).…”

Section: Purkinje Cellssupporting

confidence: 60%

Internal Clocks, mGluR7 and Microtubules: A Primer for the Molecular Encoding of Target Durations in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons

Yousefzadeh

Hesslow

Shumyatsky

et al. 2020

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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The majority of studies in the field of timing and time perception have generally focused on sub-and supra-second time scales, specific behavioral processes, and/or discrete neuronal circuits. In an attempt to find common elements of interval timing from a broader perspective, we review the literature and highlight the need for cell and molecular studies that can delineate the neural mechanisms underlying temporal processing. Moreover, given the recent attention to the function of microtubule proteins and their potential contributions to learning and memory consolidation/re-consolidation, we propose that these proteins play key roles in coding temporal information in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The presence of microtubules at relevant neuronal sites, as well as their adaptability, dynamic structure, and longevity, makes them a suitable candidate for neural plasticity at both intra-and inter-cellular levels. As a consequence, microtubules appear capable of maintaining a temporal code or engram and thereby regulate the firing patterns of PCs and MSNs known to be involved in interval timing. This proposed mechanism would control the storage of temporal information triggered by postsynaptic activation of mGluR7. This, in turn, leads to alterations in microtubule dynamics through a "read-write" memory process involving alterations in microtubule dynamics and their hexagonal lattice structures involved in the molecular basis of temporal memory.

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Section: Purkinje Cellssupporting

confidence: 60%

Internal Clocks, mGluR7 and Microtubules: A Primer for the Molecular Encoding of Target Durations in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons

Yousefzadeh

Hesslow

Shumyatsky

et al. 2020

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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“…Moreover, assuming that the target does not vary trial‐by‐trial raises the question of how the target may be changed when the mean of the timed intervals changes, as in our first experiment. Addressing that question would seem to require a change‐detection algorithm operating on the sequence of timing results preserved in memory (Gallistel, Krishan, Liu, Miller, & Latham, ; Gallistel & Wilkes, ; Wilkes & Gallistel, ). Our third experiment addresses the question of whether the subject's ability to change its target switch latency (hence the mean of its switch‐latency distribution) depends on a remembered sequence of trial durations rather than only on a running average of those durations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The original version of the Behavioral Theory of Timing (Killeen & Fetterman, ) and neurally oriented theories (Fiala et al, ; Grossberg & Schmajuk, ; Karmarkar & Buonomano, ; Yamazaki & Tanaka, ) are examples of record‐free theories. Scalar Expectancy Theory (SET, Gibbon, ; Gibbon, Church, & Meck, ), The Analytic Theory of Associative Learning (TATAL, Gallistel & Wilkes, ; Wilkes & Gallistel, ) and a later version of BeT (Fetterman & Killeen, ) are examples of record‐based theories. In a record‐based theory, there is at least one referential record in memory, whereas in a record‐free theory, there are no records in the brain of any objective fact about the animal's experience.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many neurally oriented timing theories are not entirely record‐free, but none of them follows SET in assuming a readable record of the sequence of experienced durations. The third experiment asks whether the animal has the trial‐by‐trial record of past intervals postulated by SET and, more recently, by Wilkes and Gallistel's Analytic Theory of Associative Learning (TATAL, Gallistel & Wilkes, ; Wilkes & Gallistel, ).…”

Section: Control Of Precisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical implications of quantitative properties of interval timing and probability estimation in mouse and rat

Kheifets

Freestone

Gallistel

2017

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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In three experiments with mice (Mus musculus) and rats (Rattus norvigicus), we used a switch paradigm to measure quantitative properties of the interval-timing mechanism. We found that: 1) Rodents adjusted the precision of their timed switches in response to changes in the interval between the short and long feed latencies (the temporal goalposts). 2) The variability in the timing of the switch response was reduced or unchanged in the face of large trial-to-trial random variability in the short and long feed latencies. 3) The adjustment in the distribution of switch latencies in response to changes in the relative frequency of short and long trials was sensitive to the asymmetry in the Kullback-Leibler divergence. The three results suggest that durations are represented with adjustable precision, that they are timed by multiple timers, and that there is a trial-by-trial (episodic) record of feed latencies in memory.

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“…The discovery of the rich mnemonic contents produced by conditioning protocols and the longstanding evidence for the importance of derived ratio variables (rates, probabilities, the C/T ratio) has stimulated the development of nonassociative content-based theories of learning Gallistel & Wilkes, 2016;Gallistel, 1990Gallistel, , 2012Gallistel & Gibbon, 2000;Gibbon, 1977;Wilkes & Gallistel, 2017). In these theories, learning has two components, the second of which presupposes the first.…”

Section: Content-based Theories Of Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Number and time in acquisition, extinction and recovery

Gallistel

Papachristos

2019

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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We measured rate of acquisition, trials to extinction, cumulative responses in extinction, and the spontaneous recovery of anticipatory hopper poking in a Pavlovian protocol with mouse subjects. We varied by factors of 4 number of sessions, trials per session, intersession interval, and span of training (number of days over which training extended). We find that different variables affect each measure: Rate of acquisition [1/(trials to acquisition)] is faster when there are fewer trials per session. Terminal rate of responding is faster when there are more total training trials. Trials to extinction and amount of responding during extinction are unaffected by these variables. The number of training trials has no effect on recovery in a 4-trial probe session 21 days after extinction. However, recovery is greater when the span of training is greater, regardless of how many sessions there are within that span. Our results and those of others suggest that the numbers and durations and spacings of longer-duration "episodes" in a conditioning protocol (sessions and the spans in days of training and extinction) are important variables and that different variables affect different aspects of subjects' behavior. We discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of these and related findings and conclusions-for theories of conditioning and for neuroscience.The work reported here comprised a portion of a dissertation submitted to Rutgers University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral degree. EBP designed and did the experiments, did the initial data analyses, and wrote a draft, with some advice from CRG. CRG did several further analyses and wrote the final draft.

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Information Theory, Memory, Prediction, and Timing in Associative Learning

Cited by 13 publications

References 76 publications

Internal Clocks, mGluR7 and Microtubules: A Primer for the Molecular Encoding of Target Durations in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons

Internal Clocks, mGluR7 and Microtubules: A Primer for the Molecular Encoding of Target Durations in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons

Theoretical implications of quantitative properties of interval timing and probability estimation in mouse and rat

Number and time in acquisition, extinction and recovery

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