Information Technologies for Welfare Monitoring in Pigs and Their Relation to Welfare Quality®

Abstract

The assessment of animal welfare on-farm is important to ensure that current welfare standards are followed. The current manual assessment proposed by Welfare Quality® (WQ), although being an essential tool, is only a point-estimate in time, is very time consuming to perform, only evaluates a subset of the animals, and is performed by the subjective human. Automation of the assessment through information technologies (ITs) could provide a continuous objective assessment in real-time on all animals. The aim of the current systematic review was to identify ITs developed for welfare monitoring within the pig production chain, evaluate the ITs developmental stage and evaluate how these ITs can be related to the WQ assessment protocol. The systematic literature search identified 101 publications investigating the development of ITs for welfare monitoring within the pig production chain. The systematic literature analysis revealed that the research field is still young with 97% being published within the last 20 years, and still growing with 63% being published between 2016 and mid-2020. In addition, most focus is still on the development of ITs (sensors) for the extraction and analysis of variables related to pig welfare; this being the first step in the development of a precision livestock farming system for welfare monitoring. The majority of the studies have used sensor technologies detached from the animals such as cameras and microphones, and most investigated animal biomarkers over environmental biomarkers with a clear focus on behavioural biomarkers over physiological biomarkers. ITs intended for many different welfare issues have been studied, although a high number of publications did not specify a welfare issue and instead studied a general biomarker such as activity, feeding behaviour and drinking behaviour. The ‘good feeding’ principle of the WQ assessment protocol was the best represented with ITs for real-time on-farm welfare assessment, while for the other principles only few of the included WQ measures are so far covered. No ITs have yet been developed for the ‘Comfort around resting’ and the ‘Good human-animal relationship’ criteria. Thus, the potential to develop ITs for welfare assessment within the pig production is high and much work is still needed to end up with a remote solution for welfare assessment on-farm and in real-time.

Precision Technologies to Address Dairy Cattle Welfare: Focus on Lameness, Mastitis and Body Condition

“…Nevertheless, the developments achieved in the last two decades in precision livestock farming (PLF), with close collaboration between researchers associated with engineering and the livestock sector, have driven a significant evolution in animal welfare assessment. PLF has developed rapidly in recent years, and animal welfare can be objectively assessed in real-time using a wide variety of indicators [ 11 ]. This assessment of welfare indicators is already possible, and it is expected to undergo extraordinary progress in the near future for livestock production.…”

Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare

“…This complexity may explain why a wide range of PLF technologies still require further validation. In their study, Larsen et al (2021) found that only 23% of publications related to PLF in pigs were properly validated, and a recent review indicated that only 14% of commercially available sensors in dairy cattle were externally validated (Stygar et al, 2021).…”

Using Expert Elicitation to Abridge the Welfare Quality® Protocol for Monitoring the Most Adverse Dairy Cattle Welfare Impairments

“…Indeed, Knierim et al ( 43) also questioned whether health-centered welfare assessment protocols that are implemented in the dairy industry, such as the US-based FARM program (https://nationaldairyfarm.com/farmanimal-care-version-4-0/) or the UK-based AssureWel protocol (http://www.assurewel.org/dairycows) sufficiently take societal expectations into account, which often relate to naturalness for dairy cattle. Perhaps with the rapid advancements in the use of automated sensor technologies for monitoring livestock behavior and condition, such information may be incorporated in welfare assessment protocols in the future (44)(45)(46). Such measures could be added to the protocol by using the step-wise approach we proposed.…”