“…Many factors affect the transfer and commercialization of technologies, such as competition mode (Li and Ji, 2010;Nguyen et al, 2014;Zhao et al, 2022); product differentiation (Nguyen et al, 2014(Nguyen et al, , 2017Bakaouka and Milliou, 2018), imitation costs (Kogan et al, 2013), type of innovation (Agrawal et al, 2016;Chen and Xie, 2018), bargaining power of two parties (Kishimoto, 2020), and network effect (Lin and Kulatilaka, 2006;Zhang et al, 2018). In addition, mixed competition has different influences on market equilibrium as well as on social welfare compared with those under symmetric competition strategies (Tremblay and Tremblay, 2019;Lee et al, 2020;Askar, 2021;Kopel and Putz, 2021). In practice, the Cournot-Bertrand behavior is prevalent in various markets (Tremblay and Tremblay, 2019).…”