“…Note that a high value of intra-family TD level indicates that the trading decisions within the family are not very coordinated and then, we assume a competitive environment in the family. However, there are also several authors who highlight the significantly positive effect of the cooperation environment on performance because fund decisions' coordination within families allows to take advantages of the family resources and maximize its value (Elton et al, 2007;Fu et al, 2021). Hence, we also studied the influence of the difference between the inter-and intra-family TD levels when the intra-family TD was low to isolate those fund families with a cooperative environment.…”