“…Thirdly, whereas most SLT studies (Agyemang et al. , 2022; Agyemang and Wessels, 2022) have used other tenets of SLT, like peripheral participation, social interaction, mentorship, our study focused on a combination of tools (ICT, language and information culture) to attain a deeper understanding of information literacy in SHF. Fourthly, most studies have used tools as mediators, the current study positioned them as independent variables.…”