Information integration in price-quality tradeoffs: The effect of missing information

Levin, Irwin P.; Johnson, Roger T.; Faraone, Stephen V.

doi:10.3758/bf03197002

Cited by 51 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Participants' ratings of these statements for division will be solely a function of the perceived truth of the statement, because the principle information is absent. The weighted averaging model predicts that the net effect of the truth of the statement will increase because the weight of the absent principle information goes to zero in the denominator (e.g., Levin, Johnson, & Faraone, 1984), offsetting any effects of developmental history. Therefore, participants ratings of statements relevant to RO and DE for sub- …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The representations of the arithmetic operations include functional relationships

2001

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Current theories of mathematical problem solving propose that people select a mathematical operation as the solution to a problem on the basis of a structure mapping between their problem representation and the representation of the mathematical operations. The structure-mapping hypothesis requires that the problem and the mathematical representations contain analogous relations. Past research has demonstrated that the problem representation consists of functional relationships, or principles. The present study tested whether people represent analogous principles for each arithmetic operation (i.e., addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). For each operation, college (Experiments 1 and 2) and 8th grade (Experiment 2) participants were asked to rate the degree to which a set of completed problems was a good attempt at the operation. The pattern of presented answers either violated one of four principles or did not violate any principles. The distance of the presented answers from the correct answers was independently manipulated. Consistent with the hypothesis that people represent the principles, (1) violations of the principles were rated as poorer attempts at the operation, (2) operations that are learned first (e.g., addition) had more extensive principle representations than did operations learned later (multiplication), and (3) principles that are more frequently in evidence developed more quickly. In Experiment 3, college participants rated the degree to which statements were indicative of each operation. The statements were either consistent or inconsistent with one of two principles. The participants' ratings showed that operations with longer developmental histories had strong principle representations. The implications for a structure-mapping approach to mathematical problem solving are discussed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The representations of the arithmetic operations include functional relationships

2001

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“…Other experiments suggest that people spontaneously fill in missing information about an item, thus allowing all of the items that are presented to be compared on the same attributes (Levin, Johnson, & Faraone, 1984;Yamagishi & Hill, 1981). Levin et al found that people often fill in missing information by assigning a constant context-independent value, but they also found evidence that subjects occasionally use interdimensional relations to fill in attribute values (e.g., subjects assume that a sample of beef is oflow quality because it is inexpensive).…”

Section: Constructive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison and choice: Relations between similarity processes and decision processes

Medin

Goldstone

Markman

1995

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

119

112

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Research and theory in decision making and in similarity judgment have developed along parallel paths, Wereview and analyze phenomena in both domains that suggest that similarity processing and decision making share important correspondences. The parallels are explored at the level of empirical generalizations and underlying processing principles. Important component processes that are shared by similarity judgments and decision making include generation of alternatives, recruitment of reference points, dynamic weighting of aspects, creation of new descriptors, development of correspondences between items, and justification of judgment.

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“…In contrast, sometimes individuals process unknown information as if it were positive, especially when positive information is more prevalent in the inference situation (see, e.g., the studies of Levin, Johnson, & Faraone, 1984;Levin, Johnson, Ruso, & Deldin, 1985;Levin, Mosell, Lamka, Savage, & Gray, 1977). For instance, casino managers initially assume that their guests can cover their bets unless a negative report has been made in the past.…”

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confidence: 99%

Adaptive Mechanisms for Treating Missing Information: A Simulation Study

García‐Retamero

Rieskamp

2008

Psychol Rec

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People often make inferences with incomplete information. Previous research has led to a mixed picture of how people treat missing information. To explain these results, the authors follow the Brunswikian perspective on human inference and hypothesize that the mechanism's accuracy for treating missing information depends on how it is distributed in a certain environment. The hypoth-esis is supported by the results of a simulation study, which also shows that the mechanism for treating missing information has a much stronger impact on overall accuracy than the most accurate inference strategies considered. The conclusion is that how people react to missing information could be an adaptive response to specific environments.When making inferences, people are often confronted with incomplete information. Looking for a healthy meal at a restaurant, for instance, we often do not have much detail about the entrées on the menu (e.g., the amount of cholesterol, fat, or preservatives in the dishes, or the cooking methods used) to help us infer which dish would be the wisest choice. Nevertheless, even with incomplete information, people infer which is the healthier option and make their choices. In the present article, the question addressed is how people should make inferences despite incomplete information.The question of how people deal with incomplete information has attracted increasing interest (see Ganzach

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Information integration in price-quality tradeoffs: The effect of missing information

Cited by 51 publications

References 8 publications

The representations of the arithmetic operations include functional relationships

The representations of the arithmetic operations include functional relationships

Comparison and choice: Relations between similarity processes and decision processes

Adaptive Mechanisms for Treating Missing Information: A Simulation Study

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