Information hiding in medical images: a robust medical image watermarking system for E-healthcare

Discriminative and robust zero-watermarking scheme based on completed local binary pattern for authentication and copyright identification of medical images

“…The existing watermarking schemes for medical images can be classified into three main categories: the regions of interest (ROI) lossless watermarking [1][2][3][4][5] , reversible watermarking [6][7][8] and zero-watermarking [9][10][11] . All of them use the information for authentication or copyright identification as watermark.…”

“…Gunjal et al 1 proposed a robust watermarking scheme, in which the watermark is embedded into the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) domain of the RONI. Parah et al 2 proposed another robust watermarking scheme, in which the watermark is embedded into Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain of RONI. To enhance the watermarking security, Memon et al 3 proposed a dual watermarking scheme based on image morphology and LSB technique.…”

A Robust Multi-Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Images Based on DTCWT-DCT and Henon Map

“…For medical images, compression mainly shows three indicators: first, the compression ratio should be large and the compression efficiency should be high; second, the calculation speed should be fast; third, the reliability of medical image must be ensured. As the currently international compression standard, JPEG compression is widely used in watermarking [1,2,[7][8][9]. In the watermarking field, many scholars used JPEG attacks [8][9][10]13,14,18,19,21,22].…”

“…We applied median filtering attacks of [3,3], [5,5], [9,9] to our watermarked image 1, 10, and 20 times, as shown in Figure 17 and Table 5. With the increase of the intensity of the attack, the PSNR values gradually decreased, and the image was blurred and became indistinguishable.…”

“…Therefore, finding a feature vector that can resist geometric attacks in medical images so that the algorithm can show good robustness without changing the original image is a problem that has long puzzled researchers [7,8,12,13,20,21]. For algorithms based on the first and third categories, the embedding of watermarks affects the images themselves, and these watermarking algorithms have poor anti-geometric attack capabilities; they cannot even resist the tiny geometric transformations [9,10,[22][23][24]. For medical images, the particularity is that the embedded watermark cannot affect the diagnosis of doctors, and cannot obviously change the main content of medical images, especially for the region of interest of the image.…”