Information hiding: Arabic text steganography by using Unicode characters to hide secret data

Ditta, Allah; Cai, Yongquan; Azeem, Muhammad; Rana, Khurram Gulzar; Yu, Haiyang; Memon, Muhammad Qasim

doi:10.1504/ijesdf.2018.089214

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Arabic, which consists of "points" or "dots", is also used in text steganography, as seen in [43,[47][48][49][50][51]67]. Some alphabets contain points and word diacritics.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A technique that employed an integration of the zero-width character of the Unicode format and the zero-width joiner of Arabic was proposed by [51]. The objective is to address the challenges of the structure pertaining to the cover text and enhance the stego text file size.…”

Section: Format-based Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information hiding Arabic text steganography by using Unicode characters to hide secret data [51] Format based Uses a combination of Unicode character's zero-width-character and zero-width-joiner in the Arabic language.…”

Section: Capacity 13mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

et al. 2021

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There has been a persistent requirement for safeguarding documents and the data they contain, either in printed or electronic form. This is because the fabrication and faking of documents is prevalent globally, resulting in significant losses for individuals, societies, and industrial sectors, in addition to national security. Therefore, individuals are concerned about protecting their work and avoiding these unlawful actions. Different techniques, such as steganography, cryptography, and coding, have been deployed to protect valuable information. Steganography is an appropriate method, in which the user is able to conceal a message inside another message (cover media). Most of the research on steganography utilizes cover media, such as videos, images, and sounds. Notably, text steganography is usually not given priority because of the difficulties in identifying redundant bits in a text file. To embed information within a document, its attributes must be changed. These attributes may be non-displayed characters, spaces, resized fonts, or purposeful misspellings scattered throughout the text. However, this would be detectable by an attacker or other third party because of the minor change in the document. To address this issue, it is necessary to change the document in such a manner that the change would not be visible to the eye, but could still be decoded using a computer. In this paper, an overview of existing research in this area is provided. First, we provide basic information about text steganography and its general procedure. Next, three classes of text steganography are explained: statistical and random generation, format-based methodologies, and linguistics. The techniques related to each class are analyzed, and particularly the manner in which a unique strategy is provided for hiding secret data. Furthermore, we review the existing works in the development of approaches and algorithms related to text steganography; this review is not exhaustive, and covers research published from 2016 to 2021. This paper aims to assist fellow researchers by compiling the current methods, challenges, and future directions in this field.

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“…Arabic, which consists of "points" or "dots", is also used in text steganography, as seen in [43,[47][48][49][50][51]67]. Some alphabets contain points and word diacritics.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Format-based Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

et al. 2021

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“…The researchers used zero-width-character (ZWC) 325 and zero-width-joiner (ZWJ) for independent and 326 cursive letters. The independent letters, which 327 comprised seven letters ( ), are special 328 bits are added together [29].…”

Section: To Hide Information Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabic Text Steganography Based on Deep Learning Methods

Adeeb

Kabudian

2022

IEEE Access

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Steganography is one of the oldest methods for securely sending and transferring secret information between two people without raising suspicion. Recently, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become simpler and more widely used. Since the emergence of natural language processing (NLP), building language models using deep learning has become more. Furthermore, because of the importance of concealing secret information in delivered messages, Artificial Intelligence theories along with Natural Language Processing algorithms were employed to conceal secret information within the text cover. The Arabic language was used because of its large number of words, vocabulary, and linguistic meanings, and its most significant feature is Arabic poetry. This study discovered a new way to hide secret data inside newly formulated Arabic poetry based on previous Arabic poetic texts and a database of a number of Arab poets from the ancient and modern eras using Artificial Intelligence and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) theories to increase storage capacity by 45 percent. The linguistic accuracy and volume of secret data hidden within the formulated poetry were increased using a Baudot Code algorithm, where the secret data is hidden at the level of letters rather than words, and the linguistic accuracy and volume of secret data hidden within the formulated poetry were increased to eliminate the drawbacks found in previous studies. 7. Hybrid Algorithms: In this section, two or more meth-341 ods of the previous six methods are combined or mixed 342 together to devise a new method to hide the data inside 343 the cover text. Any new method is just the consequence 344 of combining two or more of the six procedures listed 345 above, which are regarded as the foundation for the 346 concealment process in the Persian and Arabic lan-347 guages [30].348 7.1. In this study, by converting the secret text into a 349 binary code and dividing it into an odd matrix and 350 an even matrix, theIr is paired with the kashida 351 to extract a difficult-to-detect concealment path. 352 The odd matrix elements are hidden by using 353 the decoration. The elements of the even matrix 354 are hidden through the kashida. When the odd 355 matrix elements are hiddI decor Fatha ( ) is added 356 if the bit to be hidden is 1, and it is canceled 357 from the letter if the bit to be hidden is 0. As for 358 the even matrix, one kashida is added when the 359 bit to be hidden carries the value 1 and remains 360 without change when the bit carries the value 0. 361 As shown in tables (12), the data in the odd matrix 362 is concealed first, followed by the data in the even 363 matrix [31], [32].364 7.2. Some researchers have used pairing styles in con-365 cealment methods to find the best way to protect 366 hidden cover texts. They combined the Pseudo 367 Connection letter and letter dots to generate a text 368 cover that is well camouflaged. After converting369the secret text to the binary code, the bit to be 370 hidden is tested. If it carries the value 1, a pseudo...

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“…Moreover, text steganography improves the hidden capacity by exploiting language characteristics, grammatical or orthographic, which differs from one language to another [9][10][11]. Nevertheless, text stenography is one of the most challenged classes of stenography because of the lack of redundant data in text files [12]. In addition, text documents have an almost identical structure, which makes changes easily visible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Arabic Text Steganography

et al. 2021

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Protecting sensitive information transmitted via public channels is a significant issue faced by governments, militaries, organizations, and individuals. Steganography protects the secret information by concealing it in a transferred object such as video, audio, image, text, network, or DNA. As text uses low bandwidth, it is commonly used by Internet users in their daily activities, resulting a vast amount of text messages sent daily as social media posts and documents. Accordingly, text is the ideal object to be used in steganography, since hiding a secret message in a text makes it difficult for the attacker to detect the hidden message among the massive text content on the Internet. Language’s characteristics are utilized in text steganography. Despite the richness of the Arabic language in linguistic characteristics, only a few studies have been conducted in Arabic text steganography. To draw further attention to Arabic text steganography prospects, this paper reviews the classifications of these methods from its inception. For analysis, this paper presents a comprehensive study based on the key evaluation criteria (i.e., capacity, invisibility, robustness, and security). It opens new areas for further research based on the trends in this field.

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Information hiding: Arabic text steganography by using Unicode characters to hide secret data

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

Arabic Text Steganography Based on Deep Learning Methods

A Comparative Analysis of Arabic Text Steganography

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