“…As a result, ICT creates value added at the firm and sectoral level and thus leads to improved productivity and economic growth at the country level (Aghaei & Rezagholizadeh, 2017; Pradhan et al, 2018; Quah, 2002). Also, ICT can benefit the economy directly by reducing transaction costs and indirectly by speeding up information flows (Niebel, 2018), while globalization allows firms to compete globally, increasing their incentives to obtain information and potentially realize greater profits on a large scale (Grossman & Helpman, 2015; Haini & Wei Loon, 2022). On the other hand, the development of the ICT sector can foster network effects and knowledge enrichment, which can further promote the positive spillovers of globalization, in addition to reducing transaction costs while increasing information transmission (Edquist et al, 2018; Haini, 2021; Vu, 2017).…”