“…Since the firm-level survey data for Singapore and Brunei were not available, the data used consists of 12,165 firms across eight ASEAN countries (Laos, Camb odia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The surveyed countries and years are different : Laos (2012, 2016, 2018), Cambodia (2016), Indonesia (2010, 2015, Malaysia (2015), Myanmar (2014Myanmar ( , 2016, the Philippines (2009Philippines ( , 2015, Thailand (2016), and Vietnam (2010, 2015. Since the data includes both SMEs and large enterprises, the study separates these based on the BEEPS business classification.…”