Informal Workers across Europe: Evidence from 30 European Countries

Hazans, Mihails

doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5912

Cited by 75 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Both income level and economic growth significantly reduce unemployment and discouragement, other things equal. In contrast with Eastern and Southern Europe, we do not find a significant impact of the share of population with immigrant background on the prevalence of informal employment (this is consistent with the results on individual level determinants of informality in Hazans, 2011bHazans, , 2011c.…”

Section: Other Things Equal An Increase In Minimum Wage Level Relatisupporting

confidence: 88%

What Explains Prevalence of Informal Employment in European Countries: The Role of Labor Institutions, Governance, Immigrants, and Growth

Hazans

2011

Policy Research Working Papers

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Section: Other Things Equal An Increase In Minimum Wage Level Relatisupporting

confidence: 88%

What Explains Prevalence of Informal Employment in European Countries: The Role of Labor Institutions, Governance, Immigrants, and Growth

Hazans

2011

Policy Research Working Papers

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“…Being in the formal sector is 20 points more probable for those over the age of 35 than workers in their 20s, and being in the informal sector is 15 points less probable. In general, the characteristics of formality, informality, and unemployment are in line with the literature (Loayza et al 2009;Hazans 2011).…”

Section: Informality In Argentinasupporting

confidence: 87%

Pension schemes and labor supply in the formal and informal sector

Ceni

2017

IZA J Labor Policy

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This paper analyzes the participation path of workers in the formal and informal sectors throughout their lives and their pension eligibilities, as well as how the social security scheme can change the aforementioned participation path. High levels of informality have impacts on the benefits that workers receive, especially their pension benefits. I use Argentinean panel data from 1995 to 2008 to construct a structural discrete choice model which estimates the population's labor path and their pension eligibilities. I find evidence that low-educated workers have difficulties to obtain a pension by the age of 65 and even by age 70. Policy experiments show that if the parameters are fixed as in the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) model, there is a slight reduction in the years worked in the formal sector and the percentage of workers who obtain a Full pension. If the pension requirements (minimum age and years contributing) are stricter, there is an increase in the years spent in the formal sector but it is not sufficient to achieve the benchmark level of pension coverage. If the requirements are looser, there is a reduction in the amount of time spent in formality to contribute up to the new threshold.

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“…Although Williams and Kayaoglu (2017) find no significant association between various socio-demographic and socio-economic factors (i.e., gender, age, educational level, and occupational status) and the probability of unregistered employment, Hazans (2011) finds that the likelihood of unregistered employment is inversely related to education level, students more likely than other occupational groups, older and younger employees more likely, and women more likely than men to work without a contract. Based on these findings from the study of the informal economy in general, and the only two studies of unregistered employment, regarding the relevance of the marginalisation thesis when explaining its distribution, we can therefore here test the following propositions:…”

Section: Explaining Unregistered Employment: Theoretical Framing and mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Although the informal economy as whole has been subject to widespread evaluation in recent years, unregistered employment has received little attention. The only exceptions are Hazans (2011) and Williams and Kayaoglu (2017), both of which evaluate its prevalence. Williams and Kayaoglu (2017) find that in the European Union, 5 per cent of employees reported that they did not have a written contract of employment in 2013, while Hazans (2011), using European Social Survey data on 30 countries for the period between 2004 and 2009, finds that the proportion of employees without a contract is 2.7% in Nordic countries, 9.5% in Southern Europe, and 5 per cent in Western and East-Central Europe.…”

Section: Explaining Unregistered Employment: Theoretical Framing and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment using a multi-level model: evidence from 35 Eurasian countries

Krasniqi

Williams

2017

South East European Journal of Economics and Business

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment. To analyse whether it is marginalised groups who are more likely to engage in unregistered employment and explain the country-level variations, a 2010 Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) involving 38,864 interviews in 35 Eurasian countries is reported. Multilevel logistic regression analysis reveals that younger age groups, the divorced, and those with fewer years in education, are more likely to be unregistered employed. On a country-level, meanwhile, the prevalence of unregistered employment is strongly associated with tax morale; the greater the asymmetry between informal and formal institutions, the greater is the prevalence of unregistered employment. It is also higher when GDP per capita as well as social distribution and state intervention (subsidies and transfers, social contribution expenditure, health expenditure) are lower. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications.

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Informal Workers across Europe: Evidence from 30 European Countries

Cited by 75 publications

References 26 publications

What Explains Prevalence of Informal Employment in European Countries: The Role of Labor Institutions, Governance, Immigrants, and Growth

What Explains Prevalence of Informal Employment in European Countries: The Role of Labor Institutions, Governance, Immigrants, and Growth

Pension schemes and labor supply in the formal and informal sector

Explaining individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment using a multi-level model: evidence from 35 Eurasian countries

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