Informal Technical and Vocational Training Programs and Farming in the Province of Isfahan, Iran

Supporting Role of the Agricultural Extension Services and Implications for Agricultural Extension Instructors as Perceived by Farmers in Esfahan, Iran

“…Additionally, around 80% of the farmers had personal lands and about the same percentage did not have any dry-land. These personal characteristics of the farmers were very similar to farmers' characteristics in previous studies (Karbasioun & Chizari, 2004;Karbasioun & Mulder, 2004a;Karbasioun et al, 2005). In sum, 17 (nearly all) townships of the province of Esfahan were selected for this study (Table 2).…”

“…According to his findings, the influence of AES on agricultural development still is relatively high although the agricultural extension system is not very progressive. In this respect, Karbasioun and Mulder (2004b) and Karbasioun, Mirzaei, and Mulder (2005) showed that AES in Iran is suffering from malfunctions in the area of human resource management and development.…”

“…Despite the fact that an integrated evaluation system has been connected to the implementation of these programs, the evaluation results have not yet resulted in significant changes of the AES programs (Karbasioun et al, 2005).…”

Transient rural livelihoods and poverty in Ghana

“…The observed effect of informal vocational training on the likelihood of having a transient livelihood is particularly an important one and is related to the argument of Bryceson (2002b) that the 'uncertainty and wasted energy embedded in trial-and-error' livelihoods is partly due to the lack of policy attention paid to developing long-term occupational futures in rural areas. Karbasioun et al (2005) found evidence that informal technical vocational training led to job stability.…”

“…Previous literature (Karbasioun et al, 2005) observed higher job stability and satisfaction among households with such informal vocations. Bryceson (2002a) suggests that it is the lack of such occupational training that makes the difference between occupational stability and trail-and-error economic livelihood behaviour.…”