“…Earlier studies analyze the general relation between caring and labor supply (for a literature review, see Lilly et al () or the online appendix). Depending on the data set and identification strategy, studies find either no significant effect (e.g., Wolf and Soldo, ; Stern, ; Meng, ) or a negative impact of caring hours on labor supply (e.g., Ettner, ; Johnson and Lo Sasso, ; Carmichael and Charles, ; Schneider et al , ; Carmichael and Charles, ; Heitmueller, ; Spiess and Schneider, ).…”