Informal Employment and Worker's Well-Being in the Russian Federation

Kim, Yeon Soo; Matytsin, Mikhail; Freije-Rodríguez, Samuel

doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8989

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…From the perspective of the difference in depressive symptoms between formal and informal employees, we draw the conclusion that informal work will obviously increase the mental health risk of employees. The results of this study are basically consistent with most previous studies in China and abroad [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 34 ]. A typical exception is stated in [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Informal employment is usually related to low income and social insurance coverage, poor working conditions, and limited safety protection, which will affect the physical and mental health of employees in many aspects. Except for few individual cases, the vulnerability of informal employment has been verified in a number of literatures based on data from different countries [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. A systematic review covering 12 studies in four WHO (World Health Organization) regions (Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Int.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Cai

Kong

Lian

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The mental health status of informal employees is rarely studied in China. Nowadays, new economic forms such as gig economy and platform economy are emerging with the rapid development of information and communication technology, which has brought great changes to the labor market, especially to the informal employment field. Thus, it is of great significance to investigate the depressive symptoms among informal employees in the digital era. Based on the cross-sectional data of CFPS (China Family Panel Studies, 2018), this study takes a quantitative analysis framework to explore and analyze the association between informal employment and depressive symptoms in the Chinese labor market. After screening, a data set of 8893 employees (60.5% male and 39.5% female) was established. Several statistical methods, including the Mann–Whitney test and probit regression model, were used in the sample data analysis. The results show that the prevalence of depressive symptoms among informal employees is significantly higher than that among formal employees. Depressive symptoms are highly related to informal work and other factors, such as education, physical health, household income, etc. The impact of Internet use on informal employees’ depressive symptoms is not significant. The mental health inequality between formal and informal employees still exists in the digital era, and corresponding labor market regulations and social policies should be perfected to address this issue.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Cai

Kong

Lian

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…However, the relationship between informal employment and subjective well-being is unclear. On the one hand, some scholars argue that as informal employment signifies low-quality work, evidently unstable income, higher employment risks, and lower labor and social security [28,29], such expansion could lead to lower levels of subjective well-being [30][31][32][33]. On the other hand, based on case studies of informal employment in Mexico, India, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a number of scholars have pointed out that informal employment is a choice made by workers in developing countries to pursue a better quality of life in the face of low-quality conditions of national development [34].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, studies suggest the mediating and moderating effect of other factors need to be taken into consideration when examining the impact of informal employment on workers' happiness. Social inequality [32], income [37] and unemployment probability [38] play a mediating role in the relationship between informal employment and subjective wellbeing, while other factors, such as the labor system, can moderate some mediating effect [30]. The study by Liu et al shows that lower labor income reduces the informal workers' happiness, while social security moderates this negative impact.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Subjective Well-Being between Formal and Informal Workers in Urban China

Huang

Yang

Lei

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This paper examines the relationship between different types of employment and subjective well-being with a focus on informal employment. The China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) for three selected years (2012, 2014 and 2016) shows an upward trend in the subjective well-being of urban workers in the 2010s. However, although the gap in subjective well-being between formal and informal workers narrowed, informal workers’ subjective well-being was still lower than their formal counterparts. Factors affecting the subjective well-being of formal and informal workers and their different effects were revealed to explain this difference. The subjective well-being of informal workers is significantly related to their informal status of employment, economic conditions (such as income and working hours), human capital, social capital (such as perceived social justice and perceived community connectedness) and urban environment. The paper enhances the understanding of people’s subjective well-being by differentiating informal/formal segments of working populations.

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“…1 The first, poverty, relates to the perception that informality is correlated with or a cause of poverty. A few studies also suggest that informal workers have lower subjective well-being than formal workers, as they tend to be less satisfied with their jobs (Kim, Matytsin, and Freije-Rodriguez 2018;Perry et al 2007). In Sri Lanka, where public health care is universal and free, the main source of concern is the lack of protection and benefits, in particular social security, afforded by the informal sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informality, Job Quality, and Welfare in Sri Lanka

2020

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Informal employment remains a salient and persistent feature of the Sri Lanka labor market, with around 70 percent of the work force informally employed. There are generally three reasons to be concerned about high informality: poverty, productivity and public finance. This report focuses on the poverty and vulnerability aspect of informal employment, by showing that informal jobs are more precarious in nature than formal jobs and are associated with inferior working conditions and lower earnings. The following three key messages emerge from the analysis. Message 1: The quality of informal jobs is much lower than that of formal jobs. Informal workers have more precarious employment arrangements and inferior working conditions. Their low earnings levels elevate the risk of poverty. The Sri Lanka labor force is segmented into three strands: (a) formal public sector workers who enjoy high remuneration, shorter work hours, many holidays, paid leave as well as other benefits, and overall job security; (b) formal private sector workers who make up a middle group, with access to social security and some paid leave but longer work hours and an earnings distribution that is closer to that of informal workers; and (c) informal workers, a group that includes informal employees as well as informal self-employed workers, most of whom are in precarious employment arrangements. Few informal workers have a permanent contract or access to benefits, and they tend to work excessively long hours. There exists a persistent earnings gap between formal and informal workers, even when comparing workers of similar characteristics. Moreover, the risk of extremely low pay and thus poverty is significantly higher for informal workers. Message 2: Stringent labor laws, along with the high cost of compliance and complexity of labor regulations, have encouraged informality. But formalization does not necessarily ease other constraints such as access to credit, reducing the incentive to formalize. The Termination of Employment of Workmen Act (TEWA), which regulates dismissal conditions and compensation, has been long criticized for making it difficult and expensive to dismiss employees. In fact, Sri Lanka has the second-highest redundancy cost in the world. Gratuity payments, contributions to the Employees' Provident Fund, Sri Lanka's social security scheme, and the Employees' Trust Fund, and generous paid leave and holidays add to the labor cost borne by the employer. Multiple and overlapping types of coverage for workers owing to different regulations create a complex operating environment for firms, making compliance costly. As a result, compliance tends to be incomplete, even for larger firms. Enforcement is generally weak due to manpower shortages in enforcing agencies, and the many lines of enforcement render the existing institutions inefficient and ineffective, while the labor dispute settlement system can lead to lengthy and costly processes. Moreover, there appear to be few benefits to formalization. The prevalence of the informal sect...

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Informal Employment and Worker's Well-Being in the Russian Federation

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Differences in Subjective Well-Being between Formal and Informal Workers in Urban China

Informality, Job Quality, and Welfare in Sri Lanka

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