Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Koutsakos, Marios; Wheatley, Adam K.; Laurie, Karen; Kent, Stephen J.; Rockman, Steve

doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00642-4

Cited by 110 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Repeated virology testing in a patient with clinical deterioration (Patient 2) also allowed us to detect B/Yamagata-B/Victoria infection, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first published case of dual IBV infection. As a side note, the epidemiology of IBV will be of great interest during the ongoing coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with the B/Yamagata lineage appearing to be on the verge of extinction [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, Disease Severity, and Follow-Up of Influenza A/A, A/B, and B/B Virus Dual Infections in Children: A Hospital-Based Digital Surveillance Program

Obermeier

Seeber

Alchikh

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Influenza virus (IV) coinfection, i.e., simultaneous infection with IV and other viruses, is a common occurrence in humans. However, little is known about the incidence and clinical impact of coinfection with two different IV subtypes or lineages (“dual infections”). We report the incidence, standardized disease severity, and follow-up of IV dual infections from a hospital-based digital surveillance cohort, comprising 6073 pediatric patients fulfilling pre-defined criteria of influenza-like illness in Berlin, Germany. All patients were tested for IV A/B by PCR, including subtypes/lineages. We assessed all patients at the bedside using the mobile ViVI ScoreApp, providing a validated disease severity score in real-time. IV-positive patients underwent follow-up assessments until resolution of symptoms. Overall, IV dual infections were rare (4/6073 cases; 0.07%, incidence 12/100,000 per year) but showed unusual and/or prolonged clinical presentations with slightly above-average disease severity. We observed viral rebound, serial infection, and B/Yamagata-B/Victoria dual infection. Digital tools, used for instant clinical assessments at the bedside, combined with baseline/follow-up virologic investigation, help identify coinfections in cases of prolonged and/or complicated course of illness. Infection with one IV does not necessarily prevent consecutive or simultaneous (co-/dual) infection, highlighting the importance of multivalent influenza vaccination and enhanced digital clinical and virological surveillance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, Disease Severity, and Follow-Up of Influenza A/A, A/B, and B/B Virus Dual Infections in Children: A Hospital-Based Digital Surveillance Program

Obermeier

Seeber

Alchikh

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Population immunity against influenza viruses is likely low since these viruses have not circulated widely during the COVID-19 pandemic 1 . Social distancing, mask wearing, and decreases in international travel have likely contributed to reduced global circulation of influenza viruses 2 . Once COVID-19-related restrictions are eased or lifted, it is possible that influenza viruses will circulate widely due to lack of infection-induced population immunity over the past two years.…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic and virological properties of an H3N2 variant that will likely dominate the 2021-2022 Northern Hemisphere influenza season

Bolton

Ort

McBride

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Influenza viruses have circulated at very low levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, and population immunity against these viruses is low. Influenza virus cases have been increasing in the Northern Hemisphere involving an H3N2 strain (3C.2a1b.2a2) with a hemagglutinin (HA) that has several substitutions relative to the 2021-2022 H3N2 vaccine strain. Here, we show that one of these substitutions eliminates a key glycosylation site on HA and alters sialic acid binding. Using glycan array profiling, we show that the 3C.2a1b.2a2 H3 maintains binding to an extended bi-antennary sialoside and replicates to high titers in human airway cells. We found that antibodies elicited by the 2021-2022 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine poorly neutralize the new H3N2 strain. Together, these data indicate that 3C.2a1b.2a2 H3N2 viruses efficiently replicate in human cells and could potentially cause an antigenic mismatch if they continue to circulate at high levels during the 2021-2022 influenza season.

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“…Entre ellos se ha detectado una casi desaparición de los virus gripales y del VRS; así a partir de abril de 2020 se produjo una reducción del 99% de las detecciones gripales. Esta disminución se acompañó de la correspondiente disminución de la diversidad genética de todos los virus gripales [30].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Estudios previos realizados en los virus gripales A han mostrado la existencia de una impronta inmunológica frente al primer subtipo de HA, de modo que las respuestas posteriores dependerán de esta primera respuesta [24]. Vieira et al [ nación ("extinción") temporal del linaje Yamagata de la gripe B, ya que desde ese mes apenas se han comunicado detecciones de este linaje [30]. Aunque debe mencionarse que se ha observado que los virus gripales B entran periódicamente en un estado "durmiente" durante intervalos prolongados.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…De este modo desde 2017 la casi totalidad de las cepas de este linaje pertenecen al clado 3A, cuando con anterioridad se detectaban clados múltiples circulando [17,19]. Aunque este clado 3A es diverso a nivel genético y ha adquirido mutaciones sustitutivas en el gen de la HA, éstas no han determinado cambios antigénicos significativos que hayan obligado a sustituir su componente antigénico (B/Pukhet/3073/2013) en la vacuna gripal desde 2015 [30].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) a potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro protease inhibitor combination

Reina¹,

Iglesias²

2022

Rev Esp Quimioter

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All coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2, encode two proteases needed for the processing of PP1A and PP1AB polyproteins. The main protease 3CL (chemotripsine-like) gives rise to the formation of NSP11/16 proteins. The 3CL protease has been constituted as one of the possible therapeutic targets for the development of antiviral drugs against SARS-COV-2 due to its highly conserved sequence and structure among all coronaviruses. During the SARS-COV-1 pandemic, a hydroxymethyl ketone derivative (PF-00835231) was identified with an intense inhibitory activity against the 3CL protease. Subsequent chemical modifications gave rise to derivative PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir) which has shown a high antiviral efficacy against SARS-COV-2. The company’s data indicate that it is capable of reducing 89% the risk of hospitalization and death of patients infected with hardly adverse effects. Its effectiveness improves if it is administered orally in the first 24-48 hours and the duration of treatment has been established between 3-5 days. The commercial form has been associated with the antiviral ritonavir that has shown the metabolism of nirmatrelvir, lengthening its average life. This antiviral would be effective against current and future viral variants, since 3CL is not modified in them. The FDA approved this antiviral in November 2021 and EMA is in the final evaluation phase.

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Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Cited by 110 publications

References 9 publications

Incidence, Disease Severity, and Follow-Up of Influenza A/A, A/B, and B/B Virus Dual Infections in Children: A Hospital-Based Digital Surveillance Program

Incidence, Disease Severity, and Follow-Up of Influenza A/A, A/B, and B/B Virus Dual Infections in Children: A Hospital-Based Digital Surveillance Program

Antigenic and virological properties of an H3N2 variant that will likely dominate the 2021-2022 Northern Hemisphere influenza season

Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) a potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro protease inhibitor combination

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