Influenza in Dogs and Cats

Beeler, Emily

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.011

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Studies of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza have largely overlooked the role of dogs in disease transmission. Furthermore, the contribution of influenza to respiratory diseases in companion animals such as dogs and cats has not previously been considered important in practice (Beeler, 2009;Harder & Vahlenkamp, 2010). There has also been no evidence for sustained transmission of human seasonal influenza viruses in dogs, although outbreaks of equine origin canine influenza H3N8 viruses have been observed in racing greyhounds in the USA (Crawford et al, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine susceptibility to human influenza viruses (A/pdm 09H1N1, A/H3N2 and B)

Song

Kim

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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We investigated the infectivity and transmissibility of the human seasonal H3N2, pandemic (pdm) H1N1 (2009) and B influenza viruses in dogs. Dogs inoculated with human seasonal H3N2 and pdm H1N1 influenza viruses exhibited nasal shedding and were seroconverted against the viruses; this did not occur in the influenza B virus-inoculated dogs. Transmission of human H3N2 virus between dogs was demonstrated by observing nasal shedding and seroconversion in naïve dogs after contact with inoculated dogs. The seroprevalence study offered evidence of human H3N2 infection occurring in dogs since 2008. Furthermore, serological evidence of pdm H1N1 influenza virus infection alone and in combination with canine H3N2 virus was found in the serum samples collected from field dogs during 2010 and 2011. Our results suggest that dogs may be hosts for human seasonal H3N2 and pdm H1N1 influenza viruses.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine susceptibility to human influenza viruses (A/pdm 09H1N1, A/H3N2 and B)

Song

Kim

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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“…4,6,8,9,17 Since the initial report in 2004, H3N8 CIV infections have been documented in thousands of dogs with widespread geographic distribution in 38 U.S. states. [2][3][4]8,9,13,15,22,24,26,27 To date, there is no evidence of H3N8 CIV circulation in other countries. 5,18,19,23 Similar to other host-adapted mammalian Influenza A virus strains, H3N8 CIV is efficiently transmitted between dogs and can cause outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI) in communal housing settings such as racing greyhound kennels, boarding and/or training facilities, and animal shelters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,18,19,23 Similar to other host-adapted mammalian Influenza A virus strains, H3N8 CIV is efficiently transmitted between dogs and can cause outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI) in communal housing settings such as racing greyhound kennels, boarding and/or training facilities, and animal shelters. 3,4,8,9,13,15,22,24,36 Molecular analyses of H3N8 CIV isolates indicate prior transmission of a Florida sublineage (clade 1) H3N8 equine Influenza A virus (H3N8 EIV) from horses to dogs, followed by viral adaptation to the new canine host. 4,13,22,24 H3N8 CIV isolates form a monophyletic group that is molecularly and epidemiologically distinct from currently circulating H3N8 EIV in the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic performance of the canine Influenza A Virus subtype H3N8 hemagglutination inhibition assay

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Canine Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 (H3N8 CIV) was recognized in 2004 as a novel respiratory pathogen for dogs. To date, infections have been diagnosed in thousands of dogs in 38 U.S. states. Diagnostic techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation may yield false-negative results if samples are collected after virus shedding has ceased. Therefore, serology is often necessary to confirm diagnosis. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is the test of choice for serological diagnosis of influenza infections in animals. However, discrepancies exist between diagnostic laboratories and research groups in some of the test parameters for the H3N8 CIV HI assay and the cutoff antibody titer for seropositivity. The objectives of the current study were 1) to assess the diagnostic performance of a H3N8 CIV HI assay using field sera from canine infectious respiratory disease outbreaks and 2) to evaluate the effect of test parameter variations on test performance, including the use of different red blood cell (RBC) species, serum treatment methods, and virus isolates. Based on a receiver operating characteristic analysis using serum microneutralization assay titers as the gold standard, the H3N8 CIV HI assay described in the present study is highly sensitive (99.6%) and specific (94.6%) when the cutoff antibody titer for seropositivity is 32. Evaluation of parameter variations determined that the sensitivity and specificity of the H3N8 CIV HI assay depend on serum pretreatment with a receptor-destroying enzyme or periodate, use of 0.5% turkey or chicken RBCs, and use of antigenically well-matched H3N8 virus strains.

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“…H3N8 CIV infections spread among canine population (both racing greyhounds and pet dogs) of the USA, without association with outbreaks of equine influenza, supporting horizontal transmission among dogs. H3N8 CIV isolates formed a monophyletic group molecularly and training facilities, veterinary clinics, pet day-care centers, pet stores, and pet grooming salons (Crawford et al 2005, Payungporn et al 2008, Beeler 2009, Hayward et al 2010, Holt et al 2010. Additionally, stressful situations, -such as travel, prolonged endurance exercise in severe weather, and exposure to harsh terrain -, might increase the risk for influenza infection in dogs (Pecoraro et al 2012).…”

Section: Canine Influenza Virus (Civ)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, all dogs, regardless breed or age, are susceptible to H3N8 CIV infection and the virus rapidly spreads within dog populations. About 80% of infected animals develop clinical signs upon infection whereas 20-25% develop subclinical infection, but also shed and transmit the virus (Beeler 2009). Outbreaks can occur when clinically normal carriers come into contact with a naïve population (Jirjis et al 2010).…”

Section: Canine Influenza Virus (Civ)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?

et al. 2013

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The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. The origin of SBV is still a matter of debate but it may be a reassortant from previous known bunyaviruses Shamonda and Satuperi. Hepatitis E virus (HEV, family Hepeviridae) is a long known agent of human acute hepatitis and in 1997 was first identified in pigs. Current data indicates that swine HEV is spread worldwide, mainly associated with subclinical infection. Two of the four HEV genotypes are zoonotic and may be transmitted between swine and human by contaminated water and undercooked pork meat. The current distribution and impact of HEV infection in swine production are largely unknown. Avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2) is a newly described Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae, which was unexpectedly found in sera of poultry suspected to be infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). AGV2 is closely related to CAV but displays sufficient genomic differences to be classified as a distinct species. AGV2 seems to be distributed in Brazil and also in other countries but its pathogenic role for chickens is still under investigation. Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.

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Influenza in Dogs and Cats

Cited by 36 publications

References 26 publications

Canine susceptibility to human influenza viruses (A/pdm 09H1N1, A/H3N2 and B)

Canine susceptibility to human influenza viruses (A/pdm 09H1N1, A/H3N2 and B)

Diagnostic performance of the canine Influenza A Virus subtype H3N8 hemagglutination inhibition assay

Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?

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