Influenza, evolution, and the next pandemic

Fedson, David S.

doi:10.1093/emph/eoy027

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In view of these overall considerations, we can speculate that SARS-CoV-2 infection may not have spread in a fully susceptible population. This hypothesis may be also confirmed by a previous study by FEDSON [13], which reported that the different age-related mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic could be related to @ERSpublications Other reasons, rather than absence of prior immunity, could play a crucial role in the coronavirus dilemma that surrounds children https://bit.ly/36BzTaD previous exposures to the H1N1-like viruses, suggesting a fundamental role of "antigenic imprinting" on individual response.…”

Section: From the Authorssupporting

confidence: 69%

What do differences in case fatality ratios between children and adults tell us about COVID-19?

2020

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What do differences in case fatality ratios between children and adults tell us about COVID-19? To the Editor: CRISTIANI et al. [1] have raised interesting questions in their editorial discussing the differences in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality between children and adults. The authors proposed a number of possible reasons to explain why children suffer less severe illness, including age-related variation in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 receptor expression, trained immunity, and differences in lymphocyte and natural killer cell abundance. Whilst these hypotheses may be correct, we wish to challenge the notion that greater morbidity and mortality in adults is a remarkable feature of COVID-19. This is, in fact, the typical situation for most infections occurring in the absence of prior immunity.

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Section: From the Authorssupporting

confidence: 69%

What do differences in case fatality ratios between children and adults tell us about COVID-19?

2020

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“…Modern analysts invoke other possibilities, as will be discussed below [ 11 ]. Later in this volume David Fedson considers age-related influenza mortality rates in detail, with evolutionary implications and suggestions for public health response [ 12 ].…”

Section: History Of the Pandemic (I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The influenza of 1918

Humphreys

2018

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

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The 1918 influenza pandemic was the deadliest in known human history. It spread globally to the most isolated of human communities, causing clinical disease in a third of the world’s population, and infecting nearly every human alive at the time. Determination of mortality numbers is complicated by weak contemporary surveillance in the developing world, but recent estimates put the death toll at 50 million or even higher. This outbreak is of great interest to modern day epidemiologists, virologists, global health researchers and evolutionary biologists. They ask: Where did it come from? And if it happened once, could it happen again? Understanding how such a virulent epidemic emerged and spread offers hope for prevention and strategies of response. This review uses historical methodology and evolutionary perspectives to revisit the 1918 outbreak. Using the American military experience as a case study, it investigates the emergence of virulence in 1918 by focusing on key susceptibility factors that favored both the influenza virus and the subsequent pneumococcal invasion that took so many lives. This article explores the history of the epidemic and contemporary measures against it, surveys modern research on the virus, and considers what aspects of 1918 human and animal ecology most contributed to the emergence of this pandemic.

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“…Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are characterized by a particulate morphology with the size at 80-120 nm in diameter, consisting of segmented RNA, a typical glycoprotein-studded lipid envelope overlying a matrix protein 1 (M1). IAVs infect a broad range of species, including wild birds, poultry, and humans, resulting in annual flu epidemics and global pandemics1. Although various vaccines have been developed against IAVs, antigenic shift and drift accelerate the diversity and emergence of novel stains, rendering timely vaccine development a considerable challenge2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic inactivation of influenza virus by iron oxide nanozyme

Qin¹,

Yin³

et al. 2019

Theranostics

103

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Influenza poses a severe threat to human health in the world. However, developing a universal anti-viral strategy has remained challenging due to the presence of diverse subtypes as well as its high mutation rate, resulting in antigenic shift and drift. Here we developed an antiviral strategy using iron oxide nanozymes (IONzymes) to target the lipid envelope of the influenza virus.Methods: We evaluated the antiviral activities of our IONzymes using a hemagglutination assay, together with a 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) method. Lipid peroxidation of the viral envelope was analyzed using a maleic dialdehyde (MDA) assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The neighboring viral proteins were detected by western blotting.Results: We show that IONzymes induce envelope lipid peroxidation and destroy the integrity of neighboring proteins, including hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix protein 1, causing the inactivation of influenza A viruses (IAVs). Furthermore, we show that our IONzymes possess a broad-spectrum antiviral activity on 12 subtypes of IAVs (H1~H12). Lastly, we demonstrate that applying IONzymes to a facemask improves the ability of virus protection against 3 important subtypes that pose a threat to human, including H1N1, H5N1, and H7N9 subtype.Conclusion: Together, our results clearly demonstrate that IONzymes can catalyze lipid peroxidation of the viral lipid envelope to inactivate enveloped viruses and provide protection from viral transmission and infection.

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Influenza, evolution, and the next pandemic

Cited by 18 publications

References 89 publications

What do differences in case fatality ratios between children and adults tell us about COVID-19?

What do differences in case fatality ratios between children and adults tell us about COVID-19?

The influenza of 1918

Catalytic inactivation of influenza virus by iron oxide nanozyme

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