Influenza: diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis

Wiselka, Martin

doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6940.1341

Cited by 81 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The incubation period and median duration of fever is 2-4 days, although cough and malaise often persist for one to two weeks. 1 The pattern of influenza in Australia during 1999 and 2000 was similar to that seen in most parts of the world, with influenza A/Sydney H3N2 subtype vir uses predominating. 3,4 No influenza outbreaks have been reported in correctional f acilities to date.…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The 1918-19 pandemic, in which more than 20 million people died, remains the most lethal of such pandemics to date. 1 Characteristic epidemiological features of influenza include the occurrence of sporadic epidemics and periodic world-wide pandemics. 2 An outbreak of influenza type A occurred in a Sydney residential nursing home in February 1999, w hen 35 of the 69 residents developed influenza symptoms and three deaths were recorded among symptomatic residents within one week of the outbreak.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influenza outbreak in a correctional facility

Awofeso¹,

Fennell²,

Waliuzzaman³

et al. 2001

Aust N Z J Public Health

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confidence: 66%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza outbreak in a correctional facility

Awofeso¹,

Fennell²,

Waliuzzaman³

et al. 2001

Aust N Z J Public Health

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“…Previous studies have also shown poor rates of influenza vaccination for patients at high risk, varying between 4.5% and 19.5%5 in the UK. One reason for poor vaccine uptake may be a lack of an effective education and vaccination programme by health providers 6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting pneumococcal vaccination to high-risk groups: a feasibility study in one general practice

Siriwardena

1999

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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SummaryThe Department of Health recommends pneumococcal vaccination opportunistically or when immunising against influenza. This was a study in one general practice to assess the feasibility of targeting patients for pneumococcal vaccination in primary care. We also examined the rate of uptake of pneumococcal vaccine in identified risk groups after one year of a pneumococcal vaccination programme. A self-administered questionnaire was given to patients attending for influenza vaccine between September and December 1996. A total of 551/747 (73.8%) patients returned completed questionnaires. Few patients receiving influenza vaccination (133/509, 26%) were aware of pneumococcal vaccine. Only 55/108 (51%) of those given influenza vaccination were in a clinical risk group for pneumococcal vaccine. Attitudes towards vaccination were more positive and intention to take up pneumococcal vaccination significantly greater in high-risk patients compared to those who were not in a risk group. A targeted vaccination campaign directed at high-risk patients, both opportunistically and those attending for influenza vaccination over one year, resulted in the following proportions of patients in at-risk groups being vaccinated: coronary disease 144/312 (46%), diabetes 79/132 (60%), splenectomy 2/2 (100%), chronic obstructive airways disease and asthma 135/700 (19%), and chronic renal failure 5/9 (56%). Most doses of pneumococcal vaccine (336/ 463; 73%) were delivered to patients in high-risk groups. We conclude that a wellorganised pneumococcal vaccination campaign can improve coverage of at-risk patients in general practice. Programmes to increase patient awareness of the vaccine, improved availability of vaccine, and practice guidelines, would help to target the vaccine to at-risk patients. Patients with chronic lung disease and asthma were particularly diYcult to define and target in this study. A review of the UK guidelines, aligning those for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination and including patients over 65 years, would improve the logistics of vaccine delivery.

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“…They were categorized as primary viral pneumonia without secondary bacterial infections according to the results of bacteriologic cultures of BALfluid specimens. Mild attacks of influenza A virus generally require symptomatic treatment alone, but small groups of the patients deteriorate and require intensive care for acute respiratory failure because of viral pneumonia (6). The physician needs to initiate empiric therapy for severe viral pneumonia based on present illness and clinical data on admission, because currently available diagnostic tests cannot provide a definitive diagnosis in a short time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Cases of Severe Bronchopneumonia due to Influenza A (H3N2) Virus. Detection of Influenza Virus Gene Using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Doi

Takao²,

Kaneko³

et al. 2001

Intern. Med.

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Wereport two cases of severe bronchopneumoniadue to influenza A (H3N2) virus. The severity of the disease necessitated initiation of empiric therapy based on the present illness and clinical data on admission. Both patients were improved by artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressures and administration of broad spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids before confirming the diagnosis of viral bronchopneumonia using viral culture and serological tests. Within 24 hours, influenza A (H3N2) virus was identified by amplification of the pathogen genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the stored bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of both cases. This suggests that a combination of detection methods of pathogens using RT-PCRand BALfluid will facilitate determination of rational treatment aimed at influenza A virus. (Internal Medicine 40: 61-67, 2001)

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Influenza: diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis

Cited by 81 publications

References 22 publications

Influenza outbreak in a correctional facility

Influenza outbreak in a correctional facility

Targeting pneumococcal vaccination to high-risk groups: a feasibility study in one general practice

Two Cases of Severe Bronchopneumonia due to Influenza A (H3N2) Virus. Detection of Influenza Virus Gene Using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction.

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