Influenza C virus RNA is uniquely stabilized in a steady state during primary and secondary persistent infections

Marschall, Manfred; Schuler, Anke; Meier-Ewert, Herbert

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-681

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Another member of the family Bunyaviridae, La Crosse virus, expresses vRNA in mosquito midguts more frequently than either mRNA or vcRNA during persistent infection (16). This pattern of selective persistence of vRNA is also seen with enterovirus and influenza C virus (3,39). Collectively, these studies suggest that restricting viral replication and/or transcription may be a common strategy of RNA viruses for the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection in the host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Persistent Sin Nombre Virus Infection in the Deer Mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) Model: Sites of Replication and Strand-Specific Expression

Botten

Mirowsky

Kusewitt

et al. 2003

J Virol

125

163

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To address Sin Nombre (SN) virus persistence in deer mice, we sacrificed experimentally infected deer mice at eight time points from day 21 to day 217 postinoculation (p.i.) and examined their tissues for viral nucleocapsid (N) antigen expression and both negative-strand (genomic) and positive-strand (replicative/ mRNA) viral S segment RNA titers. All the animals that we inoculated developed persistent infections, and SN virus could be isolated from tissues throughout the course of infection. The transition from an acute to a persistent pattern of infection appeared to occur between days 60 and 90 p.i. Beginning on day 60 p.i., the heart, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and lung retained antigen expression and genomic viral RNA the most frequently. We found a statistically significant association among the presence of replicative RNA in the heart, lung, and BAT, widespread antigen expression (in >5 tissues), and RNA viremia. Of these three tissues, the heart retained negative-strand RNA and viral N antigen the most consistently (in 25 of 26 animals). During persistence, there were two distinct patterns of infection: restricted versus disseminated tissue involvement. Mice with the restricted pattern exhibited N antigen expression in <3 tissues, an absence of viral RNA in the blood, neutralizing antibody titers of <1:1,280 (P ‫؍‬ 0.01), and no replicative RNA in the heart, lung, or BAT. Those with the "disseminated" pattern showed N antigen expression in >5 tissues, neutralizing antibody titers of 1:160 to 1:20,480, replicative RNA in the heart, lung, and BAT at a high frequency, and RNA viremia. Virus could be isolated consistently only from mice that demonstrated the disseminated pattern. The heart, lung, and BAT are important sites for the replication and maintenance of SN virus during persistent infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Persistent Sin Nombre Virus Infection in the Deer Mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) Model: Sites of Replication and Strand-Specific Expression

Botten

Mirowsky

Kusewitt

et al. 2003

J Virol

125

163

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“…However, as with PD, it has been difficult to rescue infectious virus from SSPE patients. Other RNA viruses can also persist for long periods of time in vivo , including influenza virus (53) and swine vesicular disease virus (54), and these infections result in a carrier state in which the virus cannot be detected or is asymptomatic for long periods of time.…”

Section: Potential Role Of MV In the Etiology Of Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in Paget's disease and multiple myeloma

Ehrlich

Roodman

2005

Immunological Reviews

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The osteoclast (OCL) is the primary cell involved in the pathogenesis of Paget's disease (PD) and the destructive bone process in multiple myeloma (MM). Both of these diseases are characterized by increased numbers of OCLs actively resorbing bone, but they differ in that bone formation is greatly increased in PD and is suppressed in MM. The marrow microenvironment plays a critical role in both disease processes, through the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines that enhance osteoclastogenesis and, in the case of MM, also suppress osteoblast (OBL) activity. In addition, the OCLs in PD are intrinsically abnormal, are markedly increased in number and size, and are hyper-responsive to inflammatory cytokines and 1,25-(OH)2D3. This article discusses the role of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the increased OCL activity in PD and MM bone disease, as well as the potential role of interleukin-3 in the suppression of OBL activity in MM.

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“…A similar pattern of infection with restricted expression of viral proteins, as exhibited by type II cell clones, has been described for other NNS RNA viruses such as canine distemper virus that showed restricted infection of OL cells in vitro (50) and in vivo (49). Similarly, restricted infections with measles virus (1,20,21,38), Sendai virus (24,45), and influenza C virus (28,29) have been demonstrated in vivo as well as in vitro. To date, in vitro latent infection with BDV has not been described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Varied Persistent Life Cycles of Borna Disease Virus in a Human Oligodendroglioma Cell Line

Ibrahim

Watanabe

Palacios

et al. 2002

J Virol

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Borna disease virus (BDV) establishes a persistent infection inBorna disease virus (BDV) causes progressive meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep, in addition to several other vertebrate species (4,26,41). BDV is a single nonsegmented, negative-stranded (NNS) RNA virus (7,11,14,42) that is unique among members of the order Mononegaverales, in that it uses the nucleus as a site for replication and transcription (10, 43). BDV is a highly neurotropic virus that persists in the central nervous system (CNS) of infected animals. In adult rats, BDV infection is associated with massive brain inflammation and extensive neuronal damage (33). Neonatal infection, by contrast, results in life-long persistence without encephalitis (2,3,8,16,33). However, infected rats of all ages express a variety of behavioral abnormalities. Therefore, BDV provides an important model for the investigation of the mechanisms and consequences of viral persistence in the CNS.Generally, the CNS is known to be unique in its response to viral infections. This may be because of the lack of specialized lymphatic drainage, potentially limiting and delaying viral antigen recognition, in addition to the lack of dendritic cells and the use of microglia for the initial recognition and presentation of viral antigens, as well as the lack of expression of major histocompatibility molecules by normal neurons and glial cells (36). Thus, these factors result in immune limitations, which could contribute to the fate of viral persistence in the CNS, in general and for BDV as well. In addition, persistent BDV infection in the CNS is due to its noncytolytic strategy for replication (25).Persistent infection with BDV has been established in a variety of neuronal and glial cell lines during which viral antigens are continuously detected (9). The choice of a cell line for the in vitro characterization of BDV appears to depend on the in vivo tropism of the virus, as well as on the functional importance and abundance of cells in the CNS such as neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). The rat astrocytoma cell line (C6) is frequently used for such a purpose (9, 17), in addition to the neuronal cell lines SK-N-SH and SK-N-SHEP (9).The cell-specific variations in BDV replication in vitro have been studied. BDV persistence in the C6 cell line is characterized by high-level expression of BDV-specific proteins and RNA and low-level production of infectious virions (9). Such an expression is related in part to the secretion of several neurotrophic factors into the culture medium by the cells (9, 35). Although BDV is characterized by high genomic stability, a recent report demonstrated the possibility of isolating stable virus variants from a persistently infected C6 cell line (17).Although oligodendrocytes are a major cellular component of the white matter in the CNS and have a pivotal role in neuronal cell functions, they have not been well studied in terms of BDV characterization. Oligodendrocytes have been shown to support experimental and natural i...

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Influenza C virus RNA is uniquely stabilized in a steady state during primary and secondary persistent infections

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

Persistent Sin Nombre Virus Infection in the Deer Mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) Model: Sites of Replication and Strand-Specific Expression

Persistent Sin Nombre Virus Infection in the Deer Mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) Model: Sites of Replication and Strand-Specific Expression

The role of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in Paget's disease and multiple myeloma

Varied Persistent Life Cycles of Borna Disease Virus in a Human Oligodendroglioma Cell Line

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