Influenza as a Measure of Maternal Immune Activation and Its Effects on the Incidence of Encephalocele and Microtia

Momin, Arsh; Grogan, Dayton; Carroll, William W.; Linder, Daniel F.; Yu, Jack C.

doi:10.1177/2732501620973029

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…We speculate that certain pediatric tumors may follow similar trends, especially when considering potential effects of certain maternal environmental exposures. 24 However, in this study no clinically meaningful differences were found between geographical regions in the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors, either in aggregate or stratified by CNS tumor type.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Incidence Rates of Pediatric Central Nervous Tumors Display No Geographical Variation

Grogan

Reddy

Banerjee

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Central nervous system (CNS) tumors affect over 4,600 children throughout the United States each year. Despite recent trends of increasing incidence of pediatric CNS tumors, the understanding of variations in their incidence between different geographical regions remains incomplete. Methods: Data used in this study was obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. The SEER database and its built-in operation software was used to generate state-specific incidence data for newly diagnosed CNS tumor diagnoses in children ages 0-19 for the years 2001-2014. Results were organized by tumor type and individual states were clustered into nine geographical regions as defined by the United States Census Bureau. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the regional incidence of astrocytoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and the category of unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms. However, the magnitude of the difference in incidence (ΔI) between specific regions was small, on the order of 0.1 to 0.6 per 100,000 population, representing a nominal 0.05-fold to 0.79-fold change in incidence (ΔI/incidence for comparator region) for astrocytoma and for the category of unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms, and a larger 3.25-fold to 3.75-fold change in incidence for PNET. Conclusions: Differences in incidence between geographical regions for certain CNS tumor types met the bar for statistical significance. However, these differences are unlikely to be clinically meaningful due to the small effect size.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Incidence Rates of Pediatric Central Nervous Tumors Display No Geographical Variation

Grogan

Reddy

Banerjee

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…showed a strong correlation with influenza infection specifically during the 8th month of pregnancy with a very high odds ratio of 34.538 (95% confidence interval: 3.815-312.681), meaning that in month 8 of gestation, the odds of exposure to influenza in babies with encephalocele is 34.5 X the odds of no influenza exposure in babies with encephalocele. 9…”

Section: Correlation and Linear Regressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…YearFlu in FebruaryCS in March CS in April CS in May CS in June CS in July of pregnancy with a very high odds ratio of 34.538 (95% confidence interval: 3.815-312.681), meaning that in month 8 of gestation, the odds of exposure to influenza in babies with encephalocele is 34.5 X the odds of no influenza exposure in babies with encephalocele 9. Student's t-testAlso known as T-test, Student's t-test, developed by W. S. newborns in the U.S. with craniosynostosis in 2002 and the data from 2013 in the second column.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Primer on Hypothesis Testing for Craniofacial Surgeons: How to Obtain Valid Conclusions From Observations and Experiments

Shukla

Linder

et al. 2022

FACE

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“Ability and judgment” are the only terms that appeared twice in the Hippocratic Oath and are the pillars of medicine and surgery, as clinical decision making and treatments depend on physicians’ judgments and abilities. Sound judgment requires knowledge obtained and accumulated through individual and collective experience, but more importantly from studies employing scientific methods. In a compendium article to this current one, the death of George Washington within days of onset of respiratory infection in 1799 exemplified the futility of ineffective, if not dangerous and harmful, medical treatments. The key question is how can anyone know with certainty that a particular therapy is or is not effective? Since individual differences exist in responses to corrective procedures and medications, absolute certainty is uncommon. However, as the number of patients increases, so does the confidence, at times approaching certainty. Statistical testing allows for the extraction of valid, useful information from data collected and is a critical part of all surgical disciplines. While this mini-review will not replace the need for expert statistical inputs from statisticians, it will provide a deep appreciation of and a working knowledge for these tests. We focus on hypothesis testing, the foundation to synthesize knowledge to guide, improve new treatments, and confirm or repudiate existing ones. The primer begins with hypothesis testing and systematically examine parametric and non-parametric statistical tests, ending with Mendelian randomization.

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Influenza as a Measure of Maternal Immune Activation and Its Effects on the Incidence of Encephalocele and Microtia

Cited by 2 publications

References 30 publications

Incidence Rates of Pediatric Central Nervous Tumors Display No Geographical Variation

Incidence Rates of Pediatric Central Nervous Tumors Display No Geographical Variation

A Primer on Hypothesis Testing for Craniofacial Surgeons: How to Obtain Valid Conclusions From Observations and Experiments

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