Influenza A viruses: new research developments

Medina, Rafael; Garcı́a-Sastre, Adolfo

doi:10.1038/nrmicro2613

Cited by 536 publications

(498 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…Influenza provides a particularly interesting historical example (Table 6). Through 80 y of superb research on influenza viruses, we have learned much about the pathogenicity of these viruses in cells in vitro, in animal models in vivo, and in humans in natura, as well as the epidemiological course of seasonal and pandemic infections (124)(125)(126). However, we still know little about the determinism of life-threatening influenza, which occurs in only a minority of infected individuals in the course of epidemic or pandemic influenza (127).…”

Section: Influenza As Another Genetic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Severe infectious diseases of childhood as monogenic inborn errors of immunity

Casanova

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

201

163

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This paper reviews the developments that have occurred in the field of human genetics of infectious diseases from the second half of the 20th century onward. In particular, it stresses and explains the importance of the recently described monogenic inborn errors of immunity underlying resistance or susceptibility to specific infections. The monogenic component of the genetic theory provides a plausible explanation for the occurrence of severe infectious diseases during primary infection. Over the last 20 y, increasing numbers of life-threatening infectious diseases striking otherwise healthy children, adolescents, and even young adults have been attributed to single-gene inborn errors of immunity. These studies were inspired by seminal but neglected findings in plant and animal infections. Infectious diseases typically manifest as sporadic traits because human genotypes often display incomplete penetrance (most genetically predisposed individuals remain healthy) and variable expressivity (different infections can be allelic at the same locus). Infectious diseases of childhood, once thought to be archetypal environmental diseases, actually may be among the most genetically determined conditions of mankind. This nascent and testable notion has interesting medical and biological implications.

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Section: Influenza As Another Genetic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Severe infectious diseases of childhood as monogenic inborn errors of immunity

Casanova

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

201

163

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“…Infl uenza A virus is an enveloped negative-stranded RNA virus with 8 gene segments (Medina and Garcia-Sastre, 2011). Gene reassortment occurs frequently to produce emerging viruses (Peiris et al, 2007).…”

Section: Structural Basis For Receptor-binding Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are four recorded pandemics in the history, 1918 Spanish flu, 1957 Asian flu, 1968 Hong Kong flu and 2009 pH1N1 pandemic, with a less severe pandemic in 1977, Russian fl u (Medina and Garcia-Sastre, 2011). It has been shown that these viruses were linked to avian infl uenza viruses, with…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and receptor-binding properties of an airborne transmissible avian influenza A virus hemagglutinin H5 (VN1203mut)

Shi

Zhang

et al. 2013

Protein Cell

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Avian infl uenza A virus continues to pose a global threat with occasional H5N1 human infections, which is emphasized by a recent severe human infection caused by avian-origin H7N9 in China. Luckily these viruses do not transmit effi ciently in human populations. With a few amino acid substitutions of the hemagglutinin H5 protein in the laboratory, two H5 mutants have been shown to obtain an air-borne transmission in a mammalian ferret model. Here in this study one of the mutant H5 proteins developed by Kawaoka's group (VN1203mut) was expressed in a baculovirus system and its receptor-binding properties were assessed. We herein show that the VN1203mut had a dramatically reduced binding affi nity for the avian α2,3-linkage receptor compared to wild type but showed no detectable increase in affi nity for the human α2,6-linkage receptor, using Surface Plasmon Resonance techonology. Further, the crystal structures of the VN1203mut and its complexes with either human or avian receptors demonstrate that the VN1203mut binds the human receptor in the same binding manner (cis conformation) as seen for the HAs of previously reported 1957 and 1968 pandemic influenza viruses. Our receptor binding and crystallographic data shown here further confi rm that the ability to bind the avian receptor has to decrease for a higher human receptor binding affi nity. As the Q226L substitution is shown important for obtaining human receptor binding, we suspect that the newly emerged H7N9 binds human receptor as H7 has a Q226L substitution.

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“…In humans and animals, influenza is an acute respiratory disease that is caused by influenza virus A, influenza virus B, and influenza virus C. Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a negative sense RNA genome [2–4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal ecological study of seasonal influenza deaths in relation to climate conditions in the United States from 1999 through 2011

Geier

Kern

Geier

2018

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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Introduction: Influenza is an acute respiratory disease with significant annual global morbidity/mortality. Influenza transmission occurs in distinct seasonal patterns suggesting an importance of climate conditions on disease pathogenesis. This hypothesis-testing study evaluated microenvironment conditions within different demographic/geographical groups on seasonal influenza deaths in the United States. Materials and methods:The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wonder online computer interface was utilized to integrate and analyze potential correlations in data generated from 1999 through 2011 for climate conditions of mean daily sunlight (KJ/m2), mean daily maximum air temperature (oC), mean daily minimum air temperature (oC), and mean daily precipitation (mm) from the North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) database and on influenza mortality (ICD-10 codes:J09, J10, or J11) from the Underlying Cause of Death database. Results and discussion:Significant inverse correlations between the climate conditions of temperature, sunlight, and precipitation and seasonal influenza death rate were observed. Similar effects were observed among males and females, but when the data were separated by race and urbanization status significant differences were observed. Conclusion: This study highlights key factors that can help shape public health policy to deal with seasonal influenza in the United States and beyond.

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Influenza A viruses: new research developments

Cited by 536 publications

References 147 publications

Severe infectious diseases of childhood as monogenic inborn errors of immunity

Severe infectious diseases of childhood as monogenic inborn errors of immunity

Structure and receptor-binding properties of an airborne transmissible avian influenza A virus hemagglutinin H5 (VN1203mut)

A longitudinal ecological study of seasonal influenza deaths in relation to climate conditions in the United States from 1999 through 2011

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