Influenza A Virus Infections in Dromedary Camels, Nigeria and Ethiopia, 2015–2017

Abstract

We examined nasal swabs and serum samples acquired from dromedary camels in Nigeria and Ethiopia during 2015–2017 for evidence of influenza virus infection. We detected antibodies against influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) viruses and isolated an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09–like virus from a camel in Nigeria. Influenza surveillance in dromedary camels is needed.

Evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza A virus in Eastern Saudi Arabia

“…Another study showed positive serological results for both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in the sera of camels from Nigeria [24]. The results of this study have limitations since some species were not represented by an adequate number of samples.…”

“…In KSA, molecular surveillance of influenza type A virus showed that only 1.7% of the imported camels from Africa were positive [ 22 ]. Another study showed positive serological results for both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in the sera of camels from Nigeria [ 24 ]. The results of this study have limitations since some species were not represented by an adequate number of samples.…”

A cluster epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)

“…dogs (Dundon et al, 2010), elephants (Paungpin et al, 2017), dromedary camels (Chu et al, 2020), wild tigers (Panthera tigris) (Sangkachai et al, 2019), giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) (Li, Zhu, et al, 2014), northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) (Li, Ip, et al, 2014) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) (Goldstein et al, 2013). These domestic and wild animals were considered naturally infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.…”

“…We have also shown, for the first time, humoral immune responses in cheetahs induced by natural infection of influenza A virus. Antibodies specific to A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have been detected in a variety of animals, including domestic cats (Ali et al., 2011), dogs (Dundon et al., 2010), elephants (Paungpin et al., 2017), dromedary camels (Chu et al., 2020), wild tigers ( Panthera tigris ) (Sangkachai et al., 2019), giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) (Li, Zhu, et al., 2014), northern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris kenyoni ) (Li, Ip, et al., 2014) and northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) (Goldstein et al., 2013). These domestic and wild animals were considered naturally infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.…”

“…More recently, serological evidence of influenza virus infection was found in tigers (EN) and Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) (EN) in their sanctuary (Paungpin et al., 2017; Sangkachai et al., 2019). Livestock animals including pigs and turkeys as well as dromedary camels (extinct in the wild, EW) which are in close contact with humans in certain areas are also susceptible to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection (Allerson et al., 2014; Chu et al., 2020; Reid et al., 2012). Most of the affected animals, like humans, suffer moderate to severe respiratory illness.…”