Influenza A Virus in Swine: Epidemiology, Challenges and Vaccination Strategies

Gracia, José Carlos Mancera; Pearce, Douglas S.; Mašić, Aleksandar; Balasch, M.

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00647

Cited by 59 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…For these many reasons, efforts are made to control porcine influenza by vaccines. It is well established that inactivated whole virion vaccines sensitize pigs to a breakthrough respiratory syndrome similar to VAH [ 103 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Viral Disease: Implications for Viral Vaccine Development

Halstead¹

2021

BioDrugs

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Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a serious barrier to attaining successful virus vaccines in human and veterinary medicine. VAED occurs as two different immunopathologies, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and vaccine-associated hypersensitivity (VAH). ADE contributes to the pathology of disease caused by four dengue viruses (DENV) through control of the intensity of cellular infection. Products of virus-infected cells are toxic. A partially protective yellow fever chimeric tetravalent DENV vaccine sensitized seronegative children to ADE breakthrough infections. A live-attenuated tetravalent whole virus vaccine in phase III testing appears to avoid ADE by providing durable protection against the four DENV. VAH sensitization by viral vaccines occurred historically. Children given formalin-inactivated measles or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines experienced severe disease during breakthrough infections. Tissue responses demonstrated that VAH not ADE caused these vaccine safety problems. Subsequently, measles was successfully and safely contained by a live-attenuated virus vaccine. The difficulty in formulating a safe and effective RSV vaccine is troublesome evidence that avoiding VAH is a major research challenge. VAH-like tissue responses were observed during breakthrough homologous virus infections in monkeys given severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) vaccines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Viral Disease: Implications for Viral Vaccine Development

Halstead¹

2021

BioDrugs

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“…Immunization can be a cost-effective control measure to combat swIAV, but the rapid evolution of the virus is a major obstacle (62). Not all swIAV-endemic countries use vaccines to control the disease, for example, current UK policy does not involve immunization against swIAV, although it is used in some European countries and widely in the USA (63). We have used recent field PRRS and swIAV strains from Thailand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and influenza viruses abrogates clinical protection induced by live attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccination

Chrun

Maze

Martini

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is responsible for significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus are major viral contributors to PRDC. Vaccines are cost-effective measures for controlling PRRS, however, their efficacy in the context of co-infections has been poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of PRRSV-2 and swine influenza H3N2 virus co-infection on the efficacy of PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination, which is widely used in the field. Following simultaneous challenge with contemporary PRRSV-2 and H3N2 field isolates, we found that the protective effect of PRRS MLV vaccination on clinical disease and pathology was abrogated, although viral load was unaffected and antibody responses were enhanced. In contrast, co-infection in non-immunized animals reduced PRRSV-2 viremia and H3N2 virus load in the upper respiratory tract and potentiated T cell responses against both PRRSV-2 and H3N2 in the lung. Further analysis suggested that an upregulation of inhibitory cytokines gene expression in the lungs of vaccinated pigs may have influenced responses to H3N2 and PRRSV-2. These findings provide important insights into the effect of viral co-infections on PRRS vaccine efficacy that may help identity more effective vaccination strategies against PRDC in the field.

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“…Hamsters were considered a good model because their upper and lower respiratory tracts were also 33 °C and 37 °C, respectively [ 165 ]. These animals also share sialic acid homology with humans [ 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 ]. In addition to studying LAIVs, hamsters were used extensively to understand heterosubtypic immunity and the implications of immune history (either from vaccination or natural infection) on vaccine responses [ 182 , 183 , 184 ].…”

Section: Animal Models Used In Influenza Virus Vaccine Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swine present mild to moderate symptoms when infected including nasal discharge, labored breathing, fever, coughing and weight loss [ 100 , 106 , 189 ]. Infections are rarely fatal, however swine influenza virus vaccines are available to prevent outbreaks that could have an economic impact on the swine industry [ 179 ]. Like in humans, swine mount cross-reactive antibody responses when immunized, however unlike humans, their responses are not as cross-protective [ 180 , 190 ].…”

Section: Animal Models Used In Influenza Virus Vaccine Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines

Roubidoux

Schultz‐Cherry

2021

Vaccines

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Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.

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Influenza A Virus in Swine: Epidemiology, Challenges and Vaccination Strategies

Cited by 59 publications

References 127 publications

Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Viral Disease: Implications for Viral Vaccine Development

Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Viral Disease: Implications for Viral Vaccine Development

Simultaneous infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and influenza viruses abrogates clinical protection induced by live attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccination

Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines

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