Influenza A replication and host nuclear compartments: Many changes and many questions

Phosphorylation Drives an Apoptotic Protein to Activate Antiapoptotic Genes

“…The orthomyxovirus influenza A virus-encoded matrix 1 protein (M1) has also been reported to be coupled with ND10 during infection with unknown consequences (51,52). M1 is the most abundant viral protein both in the virion (ϳ3000 molecules/ virion) and in the cell during infection.…”

“…1B). M1 protein has been shown to associate with PML nuclear body proteins (51,52), and Daxx has been shown to repress RelB (38,39). Thus, during early infection of influenza A (2-8 h.p.i.…”

The influenza virus RNA synthesis machine

“…[11][12][13][14][15] Here we summarise new structural, biochemical and genetic evidences that have set the stage for a more profound understanding of influenza virus transcription and replication, and discuss alternative models to describe the mechanisms of these processes (reviewed in ref. [16][17][18]. This new knowledge will help in the identification of novel targets for antiviral treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza and the development of new attenuated virus strains.…”

Genetically Engineered, Biarsenically Labeled Influenza Virus Allows Visualization of Viral NS1 Protein in Living Cells

“…Although the detailed mechanism remains to be investigated, such as what these cellular or viral binding factors are, and what triggers the dissociation of the factors to unmask the NLS, our fluorescent NS1 virus provided a tool to study this process in the course of virus infection. From 1960 to 1980, several investigations using electron microscopy revealed striking ultrastructural changes within the nuclei and cytoplasm of influenza A virus-infected host cells (19). Our live-cell imaging showed that during NS1 nuclear import, the nucleus temporarily shrank (Fig.…”

“…Note the slightly smaller size of the nucleus at 144 min, suggesting that it transiently contracted and then quickly recovered. This might explain the remodeling of the host nuclear architecture after influenza virus infection, which provides an optimized nuclear environment for viral replication (19). The time-lapse video showing the kinetics of NS1 cytoplasmic accumulation, nuclear translocation, and nuclear localization is provided as supplemental material (Video S1 in the supplemental material).…”